* style: bump black

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* fix: pycln broken by typer breakage

* Improve str exceptions

* Revert macro change just in case

* Make clang-tidy happy

* Fix one more clang-tidy issue

* Refactor duplicate method

* Revert "ci: test pypy 3.9 (#3789)"

This reverts commit 461937d3.

* Update ci.yml

* ci: test pypy 3.9

* ci: try a use of FindPython with PyPy

* Make capsule errors better match python

* Add missing move in sp matrix caster and microopt char concat

* Remove useless move

* Add a couple more std::move

* Missed one char

* Improve error_string

* Ensure no temp reallocs in errorString concat

* Remove useless move

* Add type_caster<std::monostate> for std::variant

Add type_caster<std::monostate>, allowing std::variant<std::monostate, ...>

* Add  variant<std::monostate, ...> test methods

* Add std::monostate tests

* Update test_stl.py

Remove erroneous extra tests

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* Update test fn name

* And update the doc() test

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

updates:
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v0.940 → v0.941](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy/compare/v0.940...v0.941

)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

The docs were not 100% the same as we advertise with our
tooling function: most users do not want to strip symbols
in Debug builds.

updates:
- [github.com/asottile/pyupgrade: v2.31.0 → v2.31.1](https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade/compare/v2.31.0...v2.31.1)
- [github.com/sirosen/texthooks: 0.2.2 → 0.3.1](https://github.com/sirosen/texthooks/compare/0.2.2...0.3.1)
- [github.com/hadialqattan/pycln: v1.2.4 → v1.2.5](https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln/compare/v1.2.4...v1.2.5)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v0.931 → v0.940](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy/compare/v0.931...v0.940)
- [github.com/mgedmin/check-manifest: 0.47 → 0.48](https://github.com/mgedmin/check-manifest/compare/0.47...0.48

)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT should use namespace for error_already_set()

This change makes the macro usable outside of pybind11 namespace.

* added test for use of PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT for classes in external to pybind11 namespaces

* Extended test_pytypes.cpp and test_pytest.py

The added test defines a dummy function that takes a custom-defined class external::float_
that uses PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* fixed issues pointed out by CI

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* fixed memory leak in default constructor

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

Nearly every call site of cast_op<T> uses an r-value reference.

Except stl.h variant_caster::load_alternative for handling std::variant.

Fix that.

* Fixes issue

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix lint error

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix flake8

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix test

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix clang tidy

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix again

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix test

* Add comments

* Try fix Valgrind

* Resolve comments

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

The docs were not 100% the same as we advertise with our
tooling function: most users do not want to strip symbols
in Debug builds.

updates:
- [github.com/asottile/pyupgrade: v2.31.0 → v2.31.1](https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade/compare/v2.31.0...v2.31.1)
- [github.com/sirosen/texthooks: 0.2.2 → 0.3.1](https://github.com/sirosen/texthooks/compare/0.2.2...0.3.1)
- [github.com/hadialqattan/pycln: v1.2.4 → v1.2.5](https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln/compare/v1.2.4...v1.2.5)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v0.931 → v0.940](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy/compare/v0.931...v0.940)
- [github.com/mgedmin/check-manifest: 0.47 → 0.48](https://github.com/mgedmin/check-manifest/compare/0.47...0.48

)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT should use namespace for error_already_set()

This change makes the macro usable outside of pybind11 namespace.

* added test for use of PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT for classes in external to pybind11 namespaces

* Extended test_pytypes.cpp and test_pytest.py

The added test defines a dummy function that takes a custom-defined class external::float_
that uses PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* fixed issues pointed out by CI

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* fixed memory leak in default constructor

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Reproducer for https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/issues/3788

Expected to build & run as-is. Uncommenting reproduces the infinite recursion.

* Moving try_as_void_ptr_capsule() to the end of load_impl()

* Moving new test into the existing test_class_sh_void_ptr_capsule

* Experiment

* Remove comments and simplify the test cases.

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



Co-authored-by: Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve <rwgk@google.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Test out Python 3.11 migration

* Clean up a bit

* Remove todo

* Test workaround

* Fix potential bug uncovered in 3.11

* Try to fix it more

* last ditch fix

* Revert. Tp-traverse isn't the problem

* Test workaround

* Try this hack

* Revert MRO changes

* Use f_back properly

* Qualify auto

* Update include/pybind11/pybind11.h

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* Simplify code slightly

* Ensure co_varnames decref if dict_getitem throws

* Eager decref f_code

Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Use sysconfig in Python >= 3.10

Rely on sysconfig for installation paths for Python >= 3.10. distutils
has been deprecated and will be removed.

Fixes: #3677

* Explicitly select the posix_prefix scheme for platinclude on Debian

Debian's default scheme is posix_local, for installing locally-built
packages to /usr/local/.  We want to find the Python headers in /usr/,
so search posix_prefix.

* chore: minor fixes for newer PyPys

* ci: fix issue with PyPy

updates:
- [github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks: v1.1.12 → v1.1.13](https://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks/compare/v1.1.12...v1.1.13)
- [github.com/hadialqattan/pycln: v1.2.0 → v1.2.4](https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln/compare/v1.2.0...v1.2.4

)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* cast: Qualify symbol usage in PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER

Permits using macro outside of pybind11::detail

* fixup! review

* Add bytearray to string cast, testcase and rename load_bytes to load_raw

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* New bytearray test case and convert failure to pybind11_fail

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix merge comments

* Actually fix merge comments

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* Assert early if AsString fails

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Porras Huang <pohuang@jackx-vm-1.nvidia.com>

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/hadialqattan/pycln: v1.1.0 → v1.2.0](https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln/compare/v1.1.0...v1.2.0)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format: v13.0.0 → v13.0.1](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format/compare/v13.0.0...v13.0.1

)

* Update .pre-commit-config.yaml

* ci: specify which windows image to use

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>

* Clear local internals after finalizing interpreter

* Add descriptive comments

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>