* Simplify numpy dtype ctor

* Simplify c_str ctor

* Remove compat macro for str in numpy

* Added deleted copy constructor for error_scope to comply with rule of 3.

* Added constructor based on typenum, based on PyArray_DescrFromType

Added accessors for typenum, alignment, byteorder and flags fields of
PyArray_Descr struct.

* Added tests for new py::dtype constructor, and for accessors

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* Fixed the comment for alignment method

* Update include/pybind11/numpy.h

Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <skylion.aaron@gmail.com>

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <skylion.aaron@gmail.com>

* Adds set_name method of pybind11::capsule class

This calls PyCapsule_SetName on the underlying capsule object.

modified destructors to query capsules's Name

[pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

Handle possible exception thrown by PyCapsule_GetName

Also removed accidentally reintroduced use of `const char *&`.

[pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

Fixed function name

* Introduced private static function to reuse get_name_or_throw

* added tests for capsule renaming

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* handle python error in flight

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Initialized PyObject * variables to nullptr

* use write-unraisable if PyCapsule_GetName raises

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* get_name_or_throw->get_name_no_throw

If PyCapsule_GetName raises an error we should write as unraisable
to consume it and notify user, and then restore the error in flight if any.
This way this method called from destructor would not modify interpreter
error state.

* used error_scope struct

* Renamed get_name_no_throw->get_name_in_error_scope

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

updates:
- [github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks: v4.1.0 → v4.2.0](https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks/compare/v4.1.0...v4.2.0)
- [github.com/asottile/pyupgrade: v2.31.1 → v2.32.0](https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade/compare/v2.31.1...v2.32.0)
- [github.com/PyCQA/pylint: v2.13.4 → v2.13.5](https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/compare/v2.13.4...v2.13.5

)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* ci: drop dead windows CI jobs

* chore: touch up pre-commit

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* Update configure.yml

* Update configure.yml

* Cleanup cast_safe<void> specialization

Replace explicit specialization of cast_safe<void> with SFINAE.
It's better for SFINAE cases to cover all type-sets rather than mixing SFINAE and explicit specialization.

Extracted from #3674

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Update cast.h

Use detail::none_of<> as suggested

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* Update cast.h

Reorder:
If TEMP_REF
If VOID
if (!VOID && !TEMP_REF)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Make stl_bind take slice as const_ref

* Change eval order if

* Silence MSVC warning

* Make slice constructor consistent

* Add more missing std::move for ref steals

* Add missing perfect forwarding for arg_v ctor

* Add missing move in arg_v constructor

* Revert "Add missing move in arg_v constructor"

This reverts commit 126fc7c524ea7a51b54720defd75de3470d69557.

* Add another missing move in cast.h

* Optimize object move ctor

* Don't do useless move

* Make move ctor same as nb

* Make obj move ctor same as nb

* Revert changes which break MSVC

updates:
- [github.com/PyCQA/pylint: v2.13.2 → v2.13.4](https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint/compare/v2.13.2...v2.13.4

)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* feature: support compilers that use std::experimental::filesystem such as gcc7

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* only use this feature if cpp17

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* more specific namespace alias + style

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* move to pybind11 namespace

* no namespace alias

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



Co-authored-by: Lonnie Souder II <lonnie.souder@g6labs.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* chore: bump changelog for 2.9.2

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* Update docs/changelog.rst

* style: bump black

Signed-off-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* fix: pycln broken by typer breakage

* Improve str exceptions

* Revert macro change just in case

* Make clang-tidy happy

* Fix one more clang-tidy issue

* Refactor duplicate method

* Revert "ci: test pypy 3.9 (#3789)"

This reverts commit 461937d3.

* Update ci.yml

* ci: test pypy 3.9

* ci: try a use of FindPython with PyPy

* Make capsule errors better match python

* Add missing move in sp matrix caster and microopt char concat

* Remove useless move

* Add a couple more std::move

* Missed one char

* Improve error_string

* Ensure no temp reallocs in errorString concat

* Remove useless move

* Add type_caster<std::monostate> for std::variant

Add type_caster<std::monostate>, allowing std::variant<std::monostate, ...>

* Add  variant<std::monostate, ...> test methods

* Add std::monostate tests

* Update test_stl.py

Remove erroneous extra tests

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* Update test fn name

* And update the doc() test

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

updates:
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v0.940 → v0.941](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy/compare/v0.940...v0.941

)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

Nearly every call site of cast_op<T> uses an r-value reference.

Except stl.h variant_caster::load_alternative for handling std::variant.

Fix that.

The docs were not 100% the same as we advertise with our
tooling function: most users do not want to strip symbols
in Debug builds.

updates:
- [github.com/asottile/pyupgrade: v2.31.0 → v2.31.1](https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade/compare/v2.31.0...v2.31.1)
- [github.com/sirosen/texthooks: 0.2.2 → 0.3.1](https://github.com/sirosen/texthooks/compare/0.2.2...0.3.1)
- [github.com/hadialqattan/pycln: v1.2.4 → v1.2.5](https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln/compare/v1.2.4...v1.2.5)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy: v0.931 → v0.940](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy/compare/v0.931...v0.940)
- [github.com/mgedmin/check-manifest: 0.47 → 0.48](https://github.com/mgedmin/check-manifest/compare/0.47...0.48

)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT should use namespace for error_already_set()

This change makes the macro usable outside of pybind11 namespace.

* added test for use of PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT for classes in external to pybind11 namespaces

* Extended test_pytypes.cpp and test_pytest.py

The added test defines a dummy function that takes a custom-defined class external::float_
that uses PYBIND11_OBJECT_CVT

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* fixed issues pointed out by CI

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* fixed memory leak in default constructor

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Test out Python 3.11 migration

* Clean up a bit

* Remove todo

* Test workaround

* Fix potential bug uncovered in 3.11

* Try to fix it more

* last ditch fix

* Revert. Tp-traverse isn't the problem

* Test workaround

* Try this hack

* Revert MRO changes

* Use f_back properly

* Qualify auto

* Update include/pybind11/pybind11.h

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* Simplify code slightly

* Ensure co_varnames decref if dict_getitem throws

* Eager decref f_code

Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Use sysconfig in Python >= 3.10

Rely on sysconfig for installation paths for Python >= 3.10. distutils
has been deprecated and will be removed.

Fixes: #3677

* Explicitly select the posix_prefix scheme for platinclude on Debian

Debian's default scheme is posix_local, for installing locally-built
packages to /usr/local/.  We want to find the Python headers in /usr/,
so search posix_prefix.

* chore: minor fixes for newer PyPys

* ci: fix issue with PyPy

updates:
- [github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks: v1.1.12 → v1.1.13](https://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks/compare/v1.1.12...v1.1.13)
- [github.com/hadialqattan/pycln: v1.2.0 → v1.2.4](https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln/compare/v1.2.0...v1.2.4

)

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* cast: Qualify symbol usage in PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER

Permits using macro outside of pybind11::detail

* fixup! review

* Add bytearray to string cast, testcase and rename load_bytes to load_raw

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* New bytearray test case and convert failure to pybind11_fail

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

* Fix merge comments

* Actually fix merge comments

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



* Assert early if AsString fails

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Porras Huang <pohuang@jackx-vm-1.nvidia.com>

* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/hadialqattan/pycln: v1.1.0 → v1.2.0](https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln/compare/v1.1.0...v1.2.0)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format: v13.0.0 → v13.0.1](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format/compare/v13.0.0...v13.0.1

)

* Update .pre-commit-config.yaml

* ci: specify which windows image to use

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <HenrySchreinerIII@gmail.com>

* Clear local internals after finalizing interpreter

* Add descriptive comments

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci



Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* Clear Python error state if pybind11::weakref() fails.

The weakref() constructor calls pybind11_fail() without clearing any
Python interpreter error state. If a client catches the C++ exception
thrown by pybind11_fail(), the Python interpreter will be left in an
error state.

* Add test case for failing to create weakref

* Add Debug asserts for pybind11 fail

* Make error handling more pythonic

* Does this fix PyPy?

* Adapt test to PyPy differences

* Simplify test to remove redundancy

Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <skylion.aaron@gmail.com>