path: root/src/target/nds32_v2.c

/***************************************************************************
 *   Copyright (C) 2013 Andes Technology                                   *
 *   Hsiangkai Wang <hkwang@andestech.com>                                 *
 *                                                                         *
 *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify  *
 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by  *
 *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or     *
 *   (at your option) any later version.                                   *
 *                                                                         *
 *   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,       *
 *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of        *
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the         *
 *   GNU General Public License for more details.                          *
 *                                                                         *
 *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License     *
 *   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. *
 ***************************************************************************/

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif

#include <helper/time_support.h>
#include <helper/binarybuffer.h>
#include "breakpoints.h"
#include "nds32_insn.h"
#include "nds32_reg.h"
#include "nds32_edm.h"
#include "nds32_cmd.h"
#include "nds32_v2.h"
#include "nds32_aice.h"
#include "target_type.h"

static int nds32_v2_register_mapping(struct nds32 *nds32, int reg_no)
{
	uint32_t max_level = nds32->max_interrupt_level;
	uint32_t cur_level = nds32->current_interrupt_level;

	if ((1 <= cur_level) && (cur_level < max_level)) {
		if (IR0 == reg_no) {
			LOG_DEBUG("Map PSW to IPSW");
			return IR1;
		} else if (PC == reg_no) {
			LOG_DEBUG("Map PC to IPC");
			return IR9;
		}
	} else if ((2 <= cur_level) && (cur_level < max_level)) {
		if (R26 == reg_no) {
			LOG_DEBUG("Mapping P0 to P_P0");
			return IR12;
		} else if (R27 == reg_no) {
			LOG_DEBUG("Mapping P1 to P_P1");
			return IR13;
		} else if (IR1 == reg_no) {
			LOG_DEBUG("Mapping IPSW to P_IPSW");
			return IR2;
		} else if (IR4 == reg_no) {
			LOG_DEBUG("Mapping EVA to P_EVA");
			return IR5;
		} else if (IR6 == reg_no) {
			LOG_DEBUG("Mapping ITYPE to P_ITYPE");
			return IR7;
		} else if (IR9 == reg_no) {
			LOG_DEBUG("Mapping IPC to P_IPC");
			return IR10;
		}
	} else if (cur_level == max_level) {
		if (PC == reg_no) {
			LOG_DEBUG("Mapping PC to O_IPC");
			return IR11;
		}
	}

	return reg_no;
}

static int nds32_v2_get_debug_reason(struct nds32 *nds32, uint32_t *reason)
{
	uint32_t val_itype;
	struct aice_port_s *aice = target_to_aice(nds32->target);

	aice_read_register(aice, IR6, &val_itype);

	*reason = val_itype & 0x0F;

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_activate_hardware_breakpoint(struct target *target)
{
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(target);
	struct aice_port_s *aice = target_to_aice(target);
	struct breakpoint *bp;
	int32_t hbr_index = 0;

	for (bp = target->breakpoints; bp; bp = bp->next) {
		if (bp->type == BKPT_SOFT) {
			/* already set at nds32_v2_add_breakpoint() */
			continue;
		} else if (bp->type == BKPT_HARD) {
			/* set address */
			aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPA0 + hbr_index, bp->address);
			/* set mask */
			aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPAM0 + hbr_index, 0);
			/* set value */
			aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPV0 + hbr_index, 0);

			if (nds32_v2->nds32.memory.address_translation)
				/* enable breakpoint (virtual address) */
				aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPC0 + hbr_index, 0x2);
			else
				/* enable breakpoint (physical address) */
				aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPC0 + hbr_index, 0xA);

			LOG_DEBUG("Add hardware BP %" PRId32 " at %08" TARGET_PRIxADDR, hbr_index,
					bp->address);

			hbr_index++;
		} else {
			return ERROR_FAIL;
		}
	}

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_deactivate_hardware_breakpoint(struct target *target)
{
	struct aice_port_s *aice = target_to_aice(target);
	struct breakpoint *bp;
	int32_t hbr_index = 0;

	for (bp = target->breakpoints; bp; bp = bp->next) {
		if (bp->type == BKPT_SOFT)
			continue;
		else if (bp->type == BKPT_HARD)
			/* disable breakpoint */
			aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPC0 + hbr_index, 0x0);
		else
			return ERROR_FAIL;

		LOG_DEBUG("Remove hardware BP %" PRId32 " at %08" TARGET_PRIxADDR, hbr_index,
				bp->address);

		hbr_index++;
	}

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_activate_hardware_watchpoint(struct target *target)
{
	struct aice_port_s *aice = target_to_aice(target);
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(target);
	struct watchpoint *wp;
	int32_t wp_num = nds32_v2->next_hbr_index;
	uint32_t wp_config = 0;

	for (wp = target->watchpoints; wp; wp = wp->next) {

		wp_num--;
		wp->mask = wp->length - 1;
		if ((wp->address % wp->length) != 0)
			wp->mask = (wp->mask << 1) + 1;

		if (wp->rw == WPT_READ)
			wp_config = 0x3;
		else if (wp->rw == WPT_WRITE)
			wp_config = 0x5;
		else if (wp->rw == WPT_ACCESS)
			wp_config = 0x7;

		/* set/unset physical address bit of BPCn according to PSW.DT */
		if (nds32_v2->nds32.memory.address_translation == false)
			wp_config |= 0x8;

		/* set address */
		aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPA0 + wp_num,
				wp->address - (wp->address % wp->length));
		/* set mask */
		aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPAM0 + wp_num, wp->mask);
		/* enable watchpoint */
		aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPC0 + wp_num, wp_config);
		/* set value */
		aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPV0 + wp_num, 0);

		LOG_DEBUG("Add hardware watchpoint %" PRId32 " at %08" TARGET_PRIxADDR " mask %08" PRIx32, wp_num,
				wp->address, wp->mask);

	}

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_deactivate_hardware_watchpoint(struct target *target)
{
	struct aice_port_s *aice = target_to_aice(target);
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(target);
	int32_t wp_num = nds32_v2->next_hbr_index;
	struct watchpoint *wp;

	for (wp = target->watchpoints; wp; wp = wp->next) {
		wp_num--;
		/* disable watchpoint */
		aice_write_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_BPC0 + wp_num, 0x0);

		LOG_DEBUG("Remove hardware watchpoint %" PRId32 " at %08" TARGET_PRIxADDR " mask %08" PRIx32,
				wp_num, wp->address, wp->mask);
	}

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_check_interrupt_stack(struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2)
{
	struct nds32 *nds32 = &(nds32_v2->nds32);
	struct aice_port_s *aice = target_to_aice(nds32->target);
	uint32_t val_ir0;
	uint32_t val_ir1;
	uint32_t val_ir2;
	uint32_t modified_psw;

	/* Save interrupt level */
	aice_read_register(aice, IR0, &val_ir0); /* get $IR0 directly */

	/* backup $IR0 */
	nds32_v2->backup_ir0 = val_ir0;

	nds32->current_interrupt_level = (val_ir0 >> 1) & 0x3;

	if (nds32_reach_max_interrupt_level(nds32)) {
		LOG_ERROR("<-- TARGET ERROR! Reaching the max interrupt stack level %" PRIu32 ". -->",
				nds32->current_interrupt_level);

		/* decrease interrupt level */
		modified_psw = val_ir0 - 0x2;

		/* disable GIE, IT, DT, HSS */
		modified_psw &= (~0x8C1);

		aice_write_register(aice, IR0, modified_psw);

		return ERROR_OK;
	}

	/* There is a case that single step also trigger another interrupt,
	   then HSS bit in psw(ir0) will push to ipsw(ir1).
	   Then hit debug interrupt HSS bit in ipsw(ir1) will push to (p_ipsw)ir2
	   Therefore, HSS bit in p_ipsw(ir2) also need clear.

	   Only update $ir2 as current interrupt level is 2, because $ir2 will be random
	   value if the target never reaches interrupt level 2. */
	if ((nds32->max_interrupt_level == 3) && (nds32->current_interrupt_level == 2)) {
		aice_read_register(aice, IR2, &val_ir2); /* get $IR2 directly */
		val_ir2 &= ~(0x01 << 11);
		aice_write_register(aice, IR2, val_ir2);
	}

	/* get original DT bit and set to current state let debugger has same memory view
	   PSW.IT MUST be turned off.  Otherwise, DIM could not operate normally. */
	aice_read_register(aice, IR1, &val_ir1);
	modified_psw = val_ir0 | (val_ir1 & 0x80);
	aice_write_register(aice, IR0, modified_psw);

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_restore_interrupt_stack(struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2)
{
	struct nds32 *nds32 = &(nds32_v2->nds32);
	struct aice_port_s *aice = target_to_aice(nds32->target);

	/* restore origin $IR0 */
	aice_write_register(aice, IR0, nds32_v2->backup_ir0);

	return ERROR_OK;
}

/**
 * Save processor state.  This is called after a HALT instruction
 * succeeds, and on other occasions the processor enters debug mode
 * (breakpoint, watchpoint, etc).
 */
static int nds32_v2_debug_entry(struct nds32 *nds32, bool enable_watchpoint)
{
	LOG_DEBUG("nds32_v2_debug_entry");

	if (nds32->virtual_hosting)
		LOG_WARNING("<-- TARGET WARNING! Virtual hosting is not supported "
				"under V1/V2 architecture. -->");

	enum target_state backup_state = nds32->target->state;
	nds32->target->state = TARGET_HALTED;

	if (nds32->init_arch_info_after_halted == false) {
		/* init architecture info according to config registers */
		CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_config(nds32));

		nds32->init_arch_info_after_halted = true;
	}

	/* REVISIT entire cache should already be invalid !!! */
	register_cache_invalidate(nds32->core_cache);

	/* deactivate all hardware breakpoints */
	CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_v2_deactivate_hardware_breakpoint(nds32->target));

	if (enable_watchpoint)
		CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_v2_deactivate_hardware_watchpoint(nds32->target));

	if (ERROR_OK != nds32_examine_debug_reason(nds32)) {
		nds32->target->state = backup_state;

		/* re-activate all hardware breakpoints & watchpoints */
		CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_v2_activate_hardware_breakpoint(nds32->target));

		if (enable_watchpoint) {
			/* activate all watchpoints */
			CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_v2_activate_hardware_watchpoint(nds32->target));
		}

		return ERROR_FAIL;
	}

	/* check interrupt level before .full_context(), because
	 * get_mapped_reg() in nds32_full_context() needs current_interrupt_level
	 * information */
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(nds32->target);
	nds32_v2_check_interrupt_stack(nds32_v2);

	/* Save registers. */
	nds32_full_context(nds32);

	return ERROR_OK;
}

/* target request support */
static int nds32_v2_target_request_data(struct target *target,
		uint32_t size, uint8_t *buffer)
{
	/* AndesCore could use DTR register to communicate with OpenOCD
	 * to output messages
	 * Target data will be put in buffer
	 * The format of DTR is as follow
	 * DTR[31:16] => length, DTR[15:8] => size, DTR[7:0] => target_req_cmd
	 * target_req_cmd has three possible values:
	 *   TARGET_REQ_TRACEMSG
	 *   TARGET_REQ_DEBUGMSG
	 *   TARGET_REQ_DEBUGCHAR
	 * if size == 0, target will call target_asciimsg(),
	 * else call target_hexmsg()
	 */
	LOG_WARNING("Not implemented: %s", __func__);

	return ERROR_OK;
}

/**
 * Restore processor state.
 */
static int nds32_v2_leave_debug_state(struct nds32 *nds32, bool enable_watchpoint)
{
	LOG_DEBUG("nds32_v2_leave_debug_state");

	struct target *target = nds32->target;

	/* activate all hardware breakpoints */
	CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_v2_activate_hardware_breakpoint(nds32->target));

	if (enable_watchpoint) {
		/* activate all watchpoints */
		CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_v2_activate_hardware_watchpoint(nds32->target));
	}

	/* restore interrupt stack */
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(nds32->target);
	nds32_v2_restore_interrupt_stack(nds32_v2);

	/* restore PSW, PC, and R0 ... after flushing any modified
	 * registers.
	 */
	CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_restore_context(target));

	register_cache_invalidate(nds32->core_cache);

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_deassert_reset(struct target *target)
{
	int retval;

	CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_poll(target));

	if (target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
		/* reset only */
		LOG_WARNING("%s: ran after reset and before halt ...",
				target_name(target));
		retval = target_halt(target);
		if (retval != ERROR_OK)
			return retval;
	}

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_checksum_memory(struct target *target,
		target_addr_t address, uint32_t count, uint32_t *checksum)
{
	LOG_WARNING("Not implemented: %s", __func__);

	return ERROR_FAIL;
}

static int nds32_v2_add_breakpoint(struct target *target,
		struct breakpoint *breakpoint)
{
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(target);
	struct nds32 *nds32 = &(nds32_v2->nds32);
	int result;

	if (breakpoint->type == BKPT_HARD) {
		/* check hardware resource */
		if (nds32_v2->n_hbr <= nds32_v2->next_hbr_index) {
			LOG_WARNING("<-- TARGET WARNING! Insert too many hardware "
					"breakpoints/watchpoints!  The limit of "
					"combined hardware breakpoints/watchpoints "
					"is %" PRId32 ". -->", nds32_v2->n_hbr);
			return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
		}

		/* update next place to put hardware breakpoint */
		nds32_v2->next_hbr_index++;

		/* hardware breakpoint insertion occurs before 'continue' actually */
		return ERROR_OK;
	} else if (breakpoint->type == BKPT_SOFT) {
		result = nds32_add_software_breakpoint(target, breakpoint);
		if (ERROR_OK != result) {
			/* auto convert to hardware breakpoint if failed */
			if (nds32->auto_convert_hw_bp) {
				/* convert to hardware breakpoint */
				breakpoint->type = BKPT_HARD;

				return nds32_v2_add_breakpoint(target, breakpoint);
			}
		}

		return result;
	} else /* unrecognized breakpoint type */
		return ERROR_FAIL;

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_remove_breakpoint(struct target *target,
		struct breakpoint *breakpoint)
{
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(target);

	if (breakpoint->type == BKPT_HARD) {
		if (nds32_v2->next_hbr_index <= 0)
			return ERROR_FAIL;

		/* update next place to put hardware breakpoint */
		nds32_v2->next_hbr_index--;

		/* hardware breakpoint removal occurs after 'halted' actually */
		return ERROR_OK;
	} else if (breakpoint->type == BKPT_SOFT) {
		return nds32_remove_software_breakpoint(target, breakpoint);
	} else /* unrecognized breakpoint type */
		return ERROR_FAIL;

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_add_watchpoint(struct target *target,
		struct watchpoint *watchpoint)
{
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(target);

	/* check hardware resource */
	if (nds32_v2->n_hbr <= nds32_v2->next_hbr_index) {
		LOG_WARNING("<-- TARGET WARNING! Insert too many hardware "
				"breakpoints/watchpoints!  The limit of "
				"combined hardware breakpoints/watchpoints is %" PRId32 ". -->", nds32_v2->n_hbr);
		return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
	}

	/* update next place to put hardware watchpoint */
	nds32_v2->next_hbr_index++;

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_remove_watchpoint(struct target *target,
		struct watchpoint *watchpoint)
{
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(target);

	if (nds32_v2->next_hbr_index <= 0)
		return ERROR_FAIL;

	/* update next place to put hardware breakpoint */
	nds32_v2->next_hbr_index--;

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_get_exception_address(struct nds32 *nds32,
		uint32_t *address, uint32_t reason)
{
	struct aice_port_s *aice = target_to_aice(nds32->target);

	aice_read_register(aice, IR4, address); /* read $EVA directly */

	/* TODO: hit multiple watchpoints */

	return ERROR_OK;
}

/**
 * find out which watchpoint hits
 * get exception address and compare the address to watchpoints
 */
static int nds32_v2_hit_watchpoint(struct target *target,
		struct watchpoint **hit_watchpoint)
{
	uint32_t exception_address;
	struct watchpoint *wp;
	static struct watchpoint scan_all_watchpoint;
	struct nds32 *nds32 = target_to_nds32(target);

	scan_all_watchpoint.address = 0;
	scan_all_watchpoint.rw = WPT_WRITE;
	scan_all_watchpoint.next = 0;
	scan_all_watchpoint.unique_id = 0x5CA8;

	exception_address = nds32->watched_address;

	if (exception_address == 0) {
		/* send watch:0 to tell GDB to do software scan for hitting multiple watchpoints */
		*hit_watchpoint = &scan_all_watchpoint;
		return ERROR_OK;
	}

	for (wp = target->watchpoints; wp; wp = wp->next) {
		if (((exception_address ^ wp->address) & (~wp->mask)) == 0) {
			/* TODO: dispel false match */
			*hit_watchpoint = wp;
			return ERROR_OK;
		}
	}

	return ERROR_FAIL;
}

static int nds32_v2_run_algorithm(struct target *target,
		int num_mem_params,
		struct mem_param *mem_params,
		int num_reg_params,
		struct reg_param *reg_params,
		target_addr_t entry_point,
		target_addr_t exit_point,
		int timeout_ms,
		void *arch_info)
{
	LOG_WARNING("Not implemented: %s", __func__);

	return ERROR_FAIL;
}

static int nds32_v2_target_create(struct target *target, Jim_Interp *interp)
{
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2;

	nds32_v2 = calloc(1, sizeof(*nds32_v2));
	if (!nds32_v2)
		return ERROR_FAIL;

	nds32_v2->nds32.register_map = nds32_v2_register_mapping;
	nds32_v2->nds32.get_debug_reason = nds32_v2_get_debug_reason;
	nds32_v2->nds32.enter_debug_state = nds32_v2_debug_entry;
	nds32_v2->nds32.leave_debug_state = nds32_v2_leave_debug_state;
	nds32_v2->nds32.get_watched_address = nds32_v2_get_exception_address;

	nds32_init_arch_info(target, &(nds32_v2->nds32));

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_init_target(struct command_context *cmd_ctx,
		struct target *target)
{
	/* Initialize anything we can set up without talking to the target */

	struct nds32 *nds32 = target_to_nds32(target);

	nds32_init(nds32);

	return ERROR_OK;
}

/* talk to the target and set things up */
static int nds32_v2_examine(struct target *target)
{
	struct nds32_v2_common *nds32_v2 = target_to_nds32_v2(target);
	struct nds32 *nds32 = &(nds32_v2->nds32);
	struct aice_port_s *aice = target_to_aice(target);

	if (!target_was_examined(target)) {
		CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_edm_config(nds32));

		if (nds32->reset_halt_as_examine)
			CHECK_RETVAL(nds32_reset_halt(nds32));
	}

	uint32_t edm_cfg;
	aice_read_debug_reg(aice, NDS_EDM_SR_EDM_CFG, &edm_cfg);

	/* get the number of hardware breakpoints */
	nds32_v2->n_hbr = (edm_cfg & 0x7) + 1;

	nds32_v2->next_hbr_index = 0;

	LOG_INFO("%s: total hardware breakpoint %" PRId32, target_name(target),
			nds32_v2->n_hbr);

	nds32->target->state = TARGET_RUNNING;
	nds32->target->debug_reason = DBG_REASON_NOTHALTED;

	target_set_examined(target);

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_translate_address(struct target *target, target_addr_t *address)
{
	struct nds32 *nds32 = target_to_nds32(target);
	struct nds32_memory *memory = &(nds32->memory);
	target_addr_t physical_address;

	/* Following conditions need to do address translation
	 * 1. BUS mode
	 * 2. CPU mode under maximum interrupt level */
	if ((NDS_MEMORY_ACC_BUS == memory->access_channel) ||
			((NDS_MEMORY_ACC_CPU == memory->access_channel) &&
			 nds32_reach_max_interrupt_level(nds32))) {
		if (ERROR_OK == target->type->virt2phys(target, *address, &physical_address))
			*address = physical_address;
		else
			return ERROR_FAIL;
	}

	return ERROR_OK;
}

static int nds32_v2_read_buffer(struct target *target, target_addr_t address,
		uint32_t size, uint8_t *buffer)
{
	struct nds32 *nds32 = target_to_nds32(target);
	struct nds32_memory *memory = &(nds32->memory);

	if ((NDS_MEMORY_ACC_CPU == memory->access_channel) &&
			(target->state != TARGET_HALTED)) {
		LOG_WARNING("target was not halted");
		return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
	}

	/* BUG: If access range crosses multiple pages, the translation will not correct
	 * for second page or so. */

	nds32_v2_translate_address(target, &address);

	return nds32_read_buffer(target, address, size, buffer);
}

static int nds32_v2_write_buffer(struct target *target, target_addr_t address,
		uint32_t size, const uint8_t *buffer)
{
	struct nds32 *nds32 = target_to_nds32(target);
	struct nds32_memory *memory = &(nds32->memory);

	if ((NDS_MEMORY_ACC_CPU == memory->access_channel) &&
			(target->state != TARGET_HALTED)) {
		LOG_WARNING("target was not halted");
		return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
	}

	/* BUG: If access range crosses multiple pages, the translation will not correct
	 * for second page or so. */

	nds32_v2_translate_address(target, &address);

	return nds32_write_buffer(target, address, size, buffer);
}

static int nds32_v2_read_memory(struct target *target, target_addr_t address,
		uint32_t size, uint32_t count, uint8_t *buffer)
{
	struct nds32 *nds32 = target_to_nds32(target);
	struct nds32_memory *memory = &(nds32->memory);

	if ((NDS_MEMORY_ACC_CPU == memory->access_channel) &&
			(target->state != TARGET_HALTED)) {
		LOG_WARNING("target was not halted");
		return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
	}

	/* BUG: If access range crosses multiple pages, the translation will not correct
	 * for second page or so. */

	nds32_v2_translate_address(target, &address);

	return nds32_read_memory(target, address, size, count, buffer);
}

static int nds32_v2_write_memory(struct target *target, target_addr_t address,
		uint32_t size, uint32_t count, const uint8_t *buffer)
{
	struct nds32 *nds32 = target_to_nds32(target);
	struct nds32_memory *memory = &(nds32->memory);

	if ((NDS_MEMORY_ACC_CPU == memory->access_channel) &&
			(target->state != TARGET_HALTED)) {
		LOG_WARNING("target was not halted");
		return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
	}

	/* BUG: If access range crosses multiple pages, the translation will not correct
	 * for second page or so. */

	nds32_v2_translate_address(target, &address);

	return nds32_write_memory(target, address, size, count, buffer);
}

/** Holds methods for V2 targets. */
struct target_type nds32_v2_target = {
	.name = "nds32_v2",

	.poll = nds32_poll,
	.arch_state = nds32_arch_state,

	.target_request_data = nds32_v2_target_request_data,

	.halt = nds32_halt,
	.resume = nds32_resume,
	.step = nds32_step,

	.assert_reset = nds32_assert_reset,
	.deassert_reset = nds32_v2_deassert_reset,

	/* register access */
	.get_gdb_reg_list = nds32_get_gdb_reg_list,

	/* memory access */
	.read_buffer = nds32_v2_read_buffer,
	.write_buffer = nds32_v2_write_buffer,
	.read_memory = nds32_v2_read_memory,
	.write_memory = nds32_v2_write_memory,

	.checksum_memory = nds32_v2_checksum_memory,

	/* breakpoint/watchpoint */
	.add_breakpoint = nds32_v2_add_breakpoint,
	.remove_breakpoint = nds32_v2_remove_breakpoint,
	.add_watchpoint = nds32_v2_add_watchpoint,
	.remove_watchpoint = nds32_v2_remove_watchpoint,
	.hit_watchpoint = nds32_v2_hit_watchpoint,

	/* MMU */
	.mmu = nds32_mmu,
	.virt2phys = nds32_virtual_to_physical,
	.read_phys_memory = nds32_read_phys_memory,
	.write_phys_memory = nds32_write_phys_memory,

	.run_algorithm = nds32_v2_run_algorithm,

	.commands = nds32_command_handlers,
	.target_create = nds32_v2_target_create,
	.init_target = nds32_v2_init_target,
	.examine = nds32_v2_examine,
};