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| author | Tristan Gingold <gingold@adacore.com> | 2009-10-16 12:07:05 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Tristan Gingold <gingold@adacore.com> | 2009-10-16 12:07:05 +0000 |
| commit | f195a4076f78b60965b4b95561c76d743fe7e1c7 (patch) | |
| tree | b2abbe091d5fdaa704782032b2bd6fa34e4955c1 /binutils/doc/binutils.info | |
| parent | cac3e5cb8a913cc8e56d9088433eba6065106b33 (diff) | |
| download | gdb-binutils-2_20.zip gdb-binutils-2_20.tar.gz gdb-binutils-2_20.tar.bz2 | |
bfd/binutils-2_20
2009-10-16 Tristan Gingold <gingold@adacore.com>
* configure.in: Bump version to 2.20
* Makefile.am (RELEASE): Set.
* configure, Makefile.in: Regenerate.
Diffstat (limited to 'binutils/doc/binutils.info')
| -rw-r--r-- | binutils/doc/binutils.info | 4493 |
1 files changed, 4493 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/binutils/doc/binutils.info b/binutils/doc/binutils.info new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc00022 --- /dev/null +++ b/binutils/doc/binutils.info @@ -0,0 +1,4493 @@ +This is binutils.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from +binutils.texi. + + Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, +2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free +Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no +Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover +Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU +Free Documentation License". + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Binutils: (binutils). The GNU binary utilities. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + +INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* addr2line: (binutils)addr2line. Convert addresses to file and line. +* ar: (binutils)ar. Create, modify, and extract from archives. +* c++filt: (binutils)c++filt. Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols. +* cxxfilt: (binutils)c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt. +* dlltool: (binutils)dlltool. Create files needed to build and use DLLs. +* nlmconv: (binutils)nlmconv. Converts object code into an NLM. +* nm: (binutils)nm. List symbols from object files. +* objcopy: (binutils)objcopy. Copy and translate object files. +* objdump: (binutils)objdump. Display information from object files. +* ranlib: (binutils)ranlib. Generate index to archive contents. +* readelf: (binutils)readelf. Display the contents of ELF format files. +* size: (binutils)size. List section sizes and total size. +* strings: (binutils)strings. List printable strings from files. +* strip: (binutils)strip. Discard symbols. +* windmc: (binutils)windmc. Generator for Windows message resources. +* windres: (binutils)windres. Manipulate Windows resources. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + + +File: binutils.info, Node: Top, Next: ar, Up: (dir) + +Introduction +************ + +This brief manual contains documentation for the GNU binary utilities +(GNU Binutils) version 2.20: + + This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free +Documentation License version 1.3. A copy of the license is included +in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". + +* Menu: + +* ar:: Create, modify, and extract from archives +* nm:: List symbols from object files +* objcopy:: Copy and translate object files +* objdump:: Display information from object files +* ranlib:: Generate index to archive contents +* readelf:: Display the contents of ELF format files +* size:: List section sizes and total size +* strings:: List printable strings from files +* strip:: Discard symbols +* c++filt:: Filter to demangle encoded C++ symbols +* cxxfilt: c++filt. MS-DOS name for c++filt +* addr2line:: Convert addresses to file and line +* nlmconv:: Converts object code into an NLM +* windres:: Manipulate Windows resources +* windmc:: Generator for Windows message resources +* dlltool:: Create files needed to build and use DLLs +* Common Options:: Command-line options for all utilities +* Selecting the Target System:: How these utilities determine the target +* Reporting Bugs:: Reporting Bugs +* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU Free Documentation License +* Binutils Index:: Binutils Index + + +File: binutils.info, Node: ar, Next: nm, Prev: Top, Up: Top + +1 ar +**** + + ar [`--plugin' NAME] [-]P[MOD [RELPOS] [COUNT]] ARCHIVE [MEMBER...] + ar -M [ <mri-script ] + + The GNU `ar' program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. +An "archive" is a single file holding a collection of other files in a +structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individual +files (called "members" of the archive). + + The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, +and group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on +extraction. + + GNU `ar' can maintain archives whose members have names of any +length; however, depending on how `ar' is configured on your system, a +limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility with +archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the limit +is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 +characters (typical of formats related to coff). + + `ar' is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort +are most often used as "libraries" holding commonly needed subroutines. + + `ar' creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object +modules in the archive when you specify the modifier `s'. Once +created, this index is updated in the archive whenever `ar' makes a +change to its contents (save for the `q' update operation). An archive +with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and allows +routines in the library to call each other without regard to their +placement in the archive. + + You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index table. +If an archive lacks the table, another form of `ar' called `ranlib' can +be used to add just the table. + + GNU `ar' can optionally create a _thin_ archive, which contains a +symbol index and references to the original copies of the member files +of the archives. Such an archive is useful for building libraries for +use within a local build, where the relocatable objects are expected to +remain available, and copying the contents of each object would only +waste time and space. Thin archives are also _flattened_, so that +adding one or more archives to a thin archive will add the elements of +the nested archive individually. The paths to the elements of the +archive are stored relative to the archive itself. + + GNU `ar' is designed to be compatible with two different facilities. +You can control its activity using command-line options, like the +different varieties of `ar' on Unix systems; or, if you specify the +single command-line option `-M', you can control it with a script +supplied via standard input, like the MRI "librarian" program. + +* Menu: + +* ar cmdline:: Controlling `ar' on the command line +* ar scripts:: Controlling `ar' with a script + + +File: binutils.info, Node: ar cmdline, Next: ar scripts, Up: ar + +1.1 Controlling `ar' on the Command Line +======================================== + + ar [`--plugin' NAME] [`-X32_64'] [`-']P[MOD [RELPOS] [COUNT]] ARCHIVE [MEMBER...] + + When you use `ar' in the Unix style, `ar' insists on at least two +arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the _operation_ +(optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying _modifiers_), +and the archive name to act on. + + Most operations can also accept further MEMBER arguments, specifying +particular files to operate on. + + GNU `ar' allows you to mix the operation code P and modifier flags +MOD in any order, within the first command-line argument. + + If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a +dash. + + The P keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any +of the following, but you must specify only one of them: + +`d' + _Delete_ modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to + be deleted as MEMBER...; the archive is untouched if you specify + no files to delete. + + If you specify the `v' modifier, `ar' lists each module as it is + deleted. + +`m' + Use this operation to _move_ members in an archive. + + The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how + programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in + more than one member. + + If no modifiers are used with `m', any members you name in the + MEMBER arguments are moved to the _end_ of the archive; you can + use the `a', `b', or `i' modifiers to move them to a specified + place instead. + +`p' + _Print_ the specified members of the archive, to the standard + output file. If the `v' modifier is specified, show the member + name before copying its contents to standard output. + + If you specify no MEMBER arguments, all the files in the archive + are printed. + +`q' + _Quick append_; Historically, add the files MEMBER... to the end of + ARCHIVE, without checking for replacement. + + The modifiers `a', `b', and `i' do _not_ affect this operation; + new members are always placed at the end of the archive. + + The modifier `v' makes `ar' list each file as it is appended. + + Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive's symbol + table index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can + use `ar s' or `ranlib' explicitly to update the symbol table index. + + However, too many different systems assume quick append rebuilds + the index, so GNU `ar' implements `q' as a synonym for `r'. + +`r' + Insert the files MEMBER... into ARCHIVE (with _replacement_). This + operation differs from `q' in that any previously existing members + are deleted if their names match those being added. + + If one of the files named in MEMBER... does not exist, `ar' + displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing + members of the archive matching that name. + + By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you + may use one of the modifiers `a', `b', or `i' to request placement + relative to some existing member. + + The modifier `v' used with this operation elicits a line of output + for each file inserted, along with one of the letters `a' or `r' + to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted) + or replaced. + +`t' + Display a _table_ listing the contents of ARCHIVE, or those of the + files listed in MEMBER... that are present in the archive. + Normally only the member name is shown; if you also want to see + the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can + request that by also specifying the `v' modifier. + + If you do not specify a MEMBER, all files in the archive are + listed. + + If there is more than one file with the same name (say, `fie') in + an archive (say `b.a'), `ar t b.a fie' lists only the first + instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing--in + our example, `ar t b.a'. + +`x' + _Extract_ members (named MEMBER) from the archive. You can use + the `v' modifier with this operation, to request that `ar' list + each name as it extracts it. + + If you do not specify a MEMBER, all files in the archive are + extracted. + + Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive. + + + A number of modifiers (MOD) may immediately follow the P keyletter, +to specify variations on an operation's behavior: + +`a' + Add new files _after_ an existing member of the archive. If you + use the modifier `a', the name of an existing archive member must + be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE + specification. + +`b' + Add new files _before_ an existing member of the archive. If you + use the modifier `b', the name of an existing archive member must + be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE + specification. (same as `i'). + +`c' + _Create_ the archive. The specified ARCHIVE is always created if + it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is + issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, + by using this modifier. + +`D' + Operate in _deterministic_ mode. When adding files and the archive + index use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, and use consistent file + modes for all files. When this option is used, if `ar' is used + with identical options and identical input files, multiple runs + will create identical output files regardless of the input files' + owners, groups, file modes, or modification times. + +`f' + Truncate names in the archive. GNU `ar' will normally permit file + names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which + are not compatible with the native `ar' program on some systems. + If this is a concern, the `f' modifier may be used to truncate file + names when putting them in the archive. + +`i' + Insert new files _before_ an existing member of the archive. If + you use the modifier `i', the name of an existing archive member + must be present as the RELPOS argument, before the ARCHIVE + specification. (same as `b'). + +`l' + This modifier is accepted but not used. + +`N' + Uses the COUNT parameter. This is used if there are multiple + entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete + instance COUNT of the given name from the archive. + +`o' + Preserve the _original_ dates of members when extracting them. If + you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive + are stamped with the time of extraction. + +`P' + Use the full path name when matching names in the archive. GNU + `ar' can not create an archive with a full path name (such archives + are not POSIX complaint), but other archive creators can. This + option will cause GNU `ar' to match file names using a complete + path name, which can be convenient when extracting a single file + from an archive created by another tool. + +`s' + Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing + one, even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use + this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone. Running + `ar s' on an archive is equivalent to running `ranlib' on it. + +`S' + Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up + building a large library in several steps. The resulting archive + can not be used with the linker. In order to build a symbol + table, you must omit the `S' modifier on the last execution of + `ar', or you must run `ranlib' on the archive. + +`T' + Make the specified ARCHIVE a _thin_ archive. If it already exists + and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present in + the same directory as ARCHIVE. + +`u' + Normally, `ar r'... inserts all files listed into the archive. If + you would like to insert _only_ those of the files you list that + are newer than existing members of the same names, use this + modifier. The `u' modifier is allowed only for the operation `r' + (replace). In particular, the combination `qu' is not allowed, + since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from + the operation `q'. + +`v' + This modifier requests the _verbose_ version of an operation. Many + operations display additional information, such as filenames + processed, when the modifier `v' is appended. + +`V' + This modifier shows the version number of `ar'. + + `ar' ignores an initial option spelt `-X32_64', for compatibility +with AIX. The behaviour produced by this option is the default for GNU +`ar'. `ar' does not support any of the other `-X' options; in +particular, it does not support `-X32' which is the default for AIX +`ar'. + + The optional command line switch `--plugin' NAME causes `ar' to load +the plugin called NAME which adds support for more file formats. This +option is only available if the toolchain has been built with plugin +support enabled. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: ar scripts, Prev: ar cmdline, Up: ar + +1.2 Controlling `ar' with a Script +================================== + + ar -M [ <SCRIPT ] + + If you use the single command-line option `-M' with `ar', you can +control its operation with a rudimentary command language. This form +of `ar' operates interactively if standard input is coming directly +from a terminal. During interactive use, `ar' prompts for input (the +prompt is `AR >'), and continues executing even after errors. If you +redirect standard input to a script file, no prompts are issued, and +`ar' abandons execution (with a nonzero exit code) on any error. + + The `ar' command language is _not_ designed to be equivalent to the +command-line options; in fact, it provides somewhat less control over +archives. The only purpose of the command language is to ease the +transition to GNU `ar' for developers who already have scripts written +for the MRI "librarian" program. + + The syntax for the `ar' command language is straightforward: + * commands are recognized in upper or lower case; for example, `LIST' + is the same as `list'. In the following descriptions, commands are + shown in upper case for clarity. + + * a single command may appear on each line; it is the first word on + the line. + + * empty lines are allowed, and have no effect. + + * comments are allowed; text after either of the characters `*' or + `;' is ignored. + + * Whenever you use a list of names as part of the argument to an `ar' + command, you can separate the individual names with either commas + or blanks. Commas are shown in the explanations below, for + clarity. + + * `+' is used as a line continuation character; if `+' appears at + the end of a line, the text on the following line is considered + part of the current command. + + Here are the commands you can use in `ar' scripts, or when using +`ar' interactively. Three of them have special significance: + + `OPEN' or `CREATE' specify a "current archive", which is a temporary +file required for most of the other commands. + + `SAVE' commits the changes so far specified by the script. Prior to +`SAVE', commands affect only the temporary copy of the current archive. + +`ADDLIB ARCHIVE' +`ADDLIB ARCHIVE (MODULE, MODULE, ... MODULE)' + Add all the contents of ARCHIVE (or, if specified, each named + MODULE from ARCHIVE) to the current archive. + + Requires prior use of `OPEN' or `CREATE'. + +`ADDMOD MEMBER, MEMBER, ... MEMBER' + Add each named MEMBER as a module in the current archive. + + Requires prior use of `OPEN' or `CREATE'. + +`CLEAR' + Discard the contents of the current archive, canceling the effect + of any operations since the last `SAVE'. May be executed (with no + effect) even if no current archive is specified. + +`CREATE ARCHIVE' + Creates an archive, and makes it the current archive (required for + many other commands). The new archive is created with a temporary + name; it is not actually saved as ARCHIVE until you use `SAVE'. + You can overwrite existing archives; similarly, the contents of any + existing file named ARCHIVE will not be destroyed until `SAVE'. + +`DELETE MODULE, MODULE, ... MODULE' + Delete each listed MODULE from the current archive; equivalent to + `ar -d ARCHIVE MODULE ... MODULE'. + + Requires prior use of `OPEN' or `CREATE'. + +`DIRECTORY ARCHIVE (MODULE, ... MODULE)' +`DIRECTORY ARCHIVE (MODULE, ... MODULE) OUTPUTFILE' + List each named MODULE present in ARCHIVE. The separate command + `VERBOSE' specifies the form of the output: when verbose output is + off, output is like that of `ar -t ARCHIVE MODULE...'. When + verbose output is on, the listing is like `ar -tv ARCHIVE + MODULE...'. + + Output normally goes to the standard output stream; however, if you + specify OUTPUTFILE as a final argument, `ar' directs the output to + that file. + +`END' + Exit from `ar', with a `0' exit code to indicate successful + completion. This command does not save the output file; if you + have changed the current archive since the last `SAVE' command, + those changes are lost. + +`EXTRACT MODULE, MODULE, ... MODULE' + Extract each named MODULE from the current archive, writing them + into the current directory as separate files. Equivalent to `ar -x + ARCHIVE MODULE...'. + + Requires prior use of `OPEN' or `CREATE'. + +`LIST' + Display full contents of the current archive, in "verbose" style + regardless of the state of `VERBOSE'. The effect is like `ar tv + ARCHIVE'. (This single command is a GNU `ar' enhancement, rather + than present for MRI compatibility.) + + Requires prior use of `OPEN' or `CREATE'. + +`OPEN ARCHIVE' + Opens an existing archive for use as the current archive (required + for many other commands). Any changes as the result of subsequent + commands will not actually affect ARCHIVE until you next use + `SAVE'. + +`REPLACE MODULE, MODULE, ... MODULE' + In the current archive, replace each existing MODULE (named in the + `REPLACE' arguments) from files in the current working directory. + To execute this command without errors, both the file, and the + module in the current archive, must exist. + + Requires prior use of `OPEN' or `CREATE'. + +`VERBOSE' + Toggle an internal flag governing the output from `DIRECTORY'. + When the flag is on, `DIRECTORY' output matches output from `ar + -tv '.... + +`SAVE' + Commit your changes to the current archive, and actually save it + as a file with the name specified in the last `CREATE' or `OPEN' + command. + + Requires prior use of `OPEN' or `CREATE'. + + + +File: binutils.info, Node: nm, Next: objcopy, Prev: ar, Up: Top + +2 nm +**** + + nm [`-a'|`--debug-syms'] + [`-g'|`--extern-only'][`--plugin' NAME] + [`-B'] [`-C'|`--demangle'[=STYLE]] [`-D'|`--dynamic'] + [`-S'|`--print-size'] [`-s'|`--print-armap'] + [`-A'|`-o'|`--print-file-name'][`--special-syms'] + [`-n'|`-v'|`--numeric-sort'] [`-p'|`--no-sort'] + [`-r'|`--reverse-sort'] [`--size-sort'] [`-u'|`--undefined-only'] + [`-t' RADIX|`--radix='RADIX] [`-P'|`--portability'] + [`--target='BFDNAME] [`-f'FORMAT|`--format='FORMAT] + [`--defined-only'] [`-l'|`--line-numbers'] [`--no-demangle'] + [`-V'|`--version'] [`-X 32_64'] [`--help'] [OBJFILE...] + + GNU `nm' lists the symbols from object files OBJFILE.... If no +object files are listed as arguments, `nm' assumes the file `a.out'. + + For each symbol, `nm' shows: + + * The symbol value, in the radix selected by options (see below), or + hexadecimal by default. + + * The symbol type. At least the following types are used; others + are, as well, depending on the object file format. If lowercase, + the symbol is local; if uppercase, the symbol is global (external). + + `A' + The symbol's value is absolute, and will not be changed by + further linking. + + `B' + `b' + The symbol is in the uninitialized data section (known as + BSS). + + `C' + The symbol is common. Common symbols are uninitialized data. + When linking, multiple common symbols may appear with the + same name. If the symbol is defined anywhere, the common + symbols are treated as undefined references. For more + details on common symbols, see the discussion of -warn-common + in *Note Linker options: (ld.info)Options. + + `D' + `d' + The symbol is in the initialized data section. + + `G' + `g' + The symbol is in an initialized data section for small + objects. Some object file formats permit more efficient + access to small data objects, such as a global int variable + as opposed to a large global array. + + `i' + For PE format files this indicates that the symbol is in a + section specific to the implementation of DLLs. For ELF + format files this indicates that the symbol is an indirect + function. This is a GNU extension to the standard set of ELF + symbol types. It indicates a symbol which if referenced by a + relocation does not evaluate to its address, but instead must + be invoked at runtime. The runtime execution will then + return the value to be used in the relocation. + + `N' + The symbol is a debugging symbol. + + `p' + The symbols is in a stack unwind section. + + `R' + `r' + The symbol is in a read only data section. + + `S' + `s' + The symbol is in an uninitialized data section for small + objects. + + `T' + `t' + The symbol is in the text (code) section. + + `U' + The symbol is undefined. + + `u' + The symbol is a unique global symbol. This is a GNU + extension to the standard set of ELF symbol bindings. For + such a symbol the dynamic linker will make sure that in the + entire process there is just one symbol with this name and + type in use. + + `V' + `v' + The symbol is a weak object. When a weak defined symbol is + linked with a normal defined symbol, the normal defined + symbol is used with no error. When a weak undefined symbol + is linked and the symbol is not defined, the value of the + weak symbol becomes zero with no error. On some systems, + uppercase indicates that a default value has been specified. + + `W' + `w' + The symbol is a weak symbol that has not been specifically + tagged as a weak object symbol. When a weak defined symbol + is linked with a normal defined symbol, the normal defined + symbol is used with no error. When a weak undefined symbol + is linked and the symbol is not defined, the value of the + symbol is determined in a system-specific manner without + error. On some systems, uppercase indicates that a default + value has been specified. + + `-' + The symbol is a stabs symbol in an a.out object file. In + this case, the next values printed are the stabs other field, + the stabs desc field, and the stab type. Stabs symbols are + used to hold debugging information. For more information, + see *Note Stabs: (stabs.info)Top. + + `?' + The symbol type is unknown, or object file format specific. + + * The symbol name. + + The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are +equivalent. + +`-A' +`-o' +`--print-file-name' + Precede each symbol by the name of the input file (or archive + member) in which it was found, rather than identifying the input + file once only, before all of its symbols. + +`-a' +`--debug-syms' + Display all symbols, even debugger-only symbols; normally these + are not listed. + +`-B' + The same as `--format=bsd' (for compatibility with the MIPS `nm'). + +`-C' +`--demangle[=STYLE]' + Decode ("demangle") low-level symbol names into user-level names. + Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, + this makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have + different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument + can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your + compiler. *Note c++filt::, for more information on demangling. + +`--no-demangle' + Do not demangle low-level symbol names. This is the default. + +`-D' +`--dynamic' + Display the dynamic symbols rather than the normal symbols. This + is only meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of + shared libraries. + +`-f FORMAT' +`--format=FORMAT' + Use the output format FORMAT, which can be `bsd', `sysv', or + `posix'. The default is `bsd'. Only the first character of + FORMAT is significant; it can be either upper or lower case. + +`-g' +`--extern-only' + Display only external symbols. + +`--plugin NAME' + Load the plugin called NAME to add support for extra target types. + This option is only available if the toolchain has been built + with plugin support enabled. + +`-l' +`--line-numbers' + For each symbol, use debugging information to try to find a + filename and line number. For a defined symbol, look for the line + number of the address of the symbol. For an undefined symbol, + look for the line number of a relocation entry which refers to the + symbol. If line number information can be found, print it after + the other symbol information. + +`-n' +`-v' +`--numeric-sort' + Sort symbols numerically by their addresses, rather than + alphabetically by their names. + +`-p' +`--no-sort' + Do not bother to sort the symbols in any order; print them in the + order encountered. + +`-P' +`--portability' + Use the POSIX.2 standard output format instead of the default + format. Equivalent to `-f posix'. + +`-S' +`--print-size' + Print both value and size of defined symbols for the `bsd' output + style. This option has no effect for object formats that do not + record symbol sizes, unless `--size-sort' is also used in which + case a calculated size is displayed. + +`-s' +`--print-armap' + When listing symbols from archive members, include the index: a + mapping (stored in the archive by `ar' or `ranlib') of which + modules contain definitions for which names. + +`-r' +`--reverse-sort' + Reverse the order of the sort (whether numeric or alphabetic); let + the last come first. + +`--size-sort' + Sort symbols by size. The size is computed as the difference + between the value of the symbol and the value of the symbol with + the next higher value. If the `bsd' output format is used the + size of the symbol is printed, rather than the value, and `-S' + must be used in order both size and value to be printed. + +`--special-syms' + Display symbols which have a target-specific special meaning. + These symbols are usually used by the target for some special + processing and are not normally helpful when included included in + the normal symbol lists. For example for ARM targets this option + would skip the mapping symbols used to mark transitions between + ARM code, THUMB code and data. + +`-t RADIX' +`--radix=RADIX' + Use RADIX as the radix for printing the symbol values. It must be + `d' for decimal, `o' for octal, or `x' for hexadecimal. + +`--target=BFDNAME' + Specify an object code format other than your system's default + format. *Note Target Selection::, for more information. + +`-u' +`--undefined-only' + Display only undefined symbols (those external to each object + file). + +`--defined-only' + Display only defined symbols for each object file. + +`-V' +`--version' + Show the version number of `nm' and exit. + +`-X' + This option is ignored for compatibility with the AIX version of + `nm'. It takes one parameter which must be the string `32_64'. + The default mode of AIX `nm' corresponds to `-X 32', which is not + supported by GNU `nm'. + +`--help' + Show a summary of the options to `nm' and exit. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: objcopy, Next: objdump, Prev: nm, Up: Top + +3 objcopy +********* + + objcopy [`-F' BFDNAME|`--target='BFDNAME] + [`-I' BFDNAME|`--input-target='BFDNAME] + [`-O' BFDNAME|`--output-target='BFDNAME] + [`-B' BFDARCH|`--binary-architecture='BFDARCH] + [`-S'|`--strip-all'] + [`-g'|`--strip-debug'] + [`-K' SYMBOLNAME|`--keep-symbol='SYMBOLNAME] + [`-N' SYMBOLNAME|`--strip-symbol='SYMBOLNAME] + [`--strip-unneeded-symbol='SYMBOLNAME] + [`-G' SYMBOLNAME|`--keep-global-symbol='SYMBOLNAME] + [`--localize-hidden'] + [`-L' SYMBOLNAME|`--localize-symbol='SYMBOLNAME] + [`--globalize-symbol='SYMBOLNAME] + [`-W' SYMBOLNAME|`--weaken-symbol='SYMBOLNAME] + [`-w'|`--wildcard'] + [`-x'|`--discard-all'] + [`-X'|`--discard-locals'] + [`-b' BYTE|`--byte='BYTE] + [`-i' INTERLEAVE|`--interleave='INTERLEAVE] + [`-j' SECTIONNAME|`--only-section='SECTIONNAME] + [`-R' SECTIONNAME|`--remove-section='SECTIONNAME] + [`-p'|`--preserve-dates'] + [`--debugging'] + [`--gap-fill='VAL] + [`--pad-to='ADDRESS] + [`--set-start='VAL] + [`--adjust-start='INCR] + [`--change-addresses='INCR] + [`--change-section-address' SECTION{=,+,-}VAL] + [`--change-section-lma' SECTION{=,+,-}VAL] + [`--change-section-vma' SECTION{=,+,-}VAL] + [`--change-warnings'] [`--no-change-warnings'] + [`--set-section-flags' SECTION=FLAGS] + [`--add-section' SECTIONNAME=FILENAME] + [`--rename-section' OLDNAME=NEWNAME[,FLAGS]] + [`--long-section-names' {enable,disable,keep}] + [`--change-leading-char'] [`--remove-leading-char'] + [`--reverse-bytes='NUM] + [`--srec-len='IVAL] [`--srec-forceS3'] + [`--redefine-sym' OLD=NEW] + [`--redefine-syms='FILENAME] + [`--weaken'] + [`--keep-symbols='FILENAME] + [`--strip-symbols='FILENAME] + [`--strip-unneeded-symbols='FILENAME] + [`--keep-global-symbols='FILENAME] + [`--localize-symbols='FILENAME] + [`--globalize-symbols='FILENAME] + [`--weaken-symbols='FILENAME] + [`--alt-machine-code='INDEX] + [`--prefix-symbols='STRING] + [`--prefix-sections='STRING] + [`--prefix-alloc-sections='STRING] + [`--add-gnu-debuglink='PATH-TO-FILE] + [`--keep-file-symbols'] + [`--only-keep-debug'] + [`--extract-symbol'] + [`--writable-text'] + [`--readonly-text'] + [`--pure'] + [`--impure'] + [`--file-alignment='NUM] + [`--heap='SIZE] + [`--image-base='ADDRESS] + [`--section-alignment='NUM] + [`--stack='SIZE] + [`--subsystem='WHICH:MAJOR.MINOR] + [`-v'|`--verbose'] + [`-V'|`--version'] + [`--help'] [`--info'] + INFILE [OUTFILE] + + The GNU `objcopy' utility copies the contents of an object file to +another. `objcopy' uses the GNU BFD Library to read and write the +object files. It can write the destination object file in a format +different from that of the source object file. The exact behavior of +`objcopy' is controlled by command-line options. Note that `objcopy' +should be able to copy a fully linked file between any two formats. +However, copying a relocatable object file between any two formats may +not work as expected. + + `objcopy' creates temporary files to do its translations and deletes +them afterward. `objcopy' uses BFD to do all its translation work; it +has access to all the formats described in BFD and thus is able to +recognize most formats without being told explicitly. *Note BFD: +(ld.info)BFD. + + `objcopy' can be used to generate S-records by using an output +target of `srec' (e.g., use `-O srec'). + + `objcopy' can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an +output target of `binary' (e.g., use `-O binary'). When `objcopy' +generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce a memory dump +of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and relocation +information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at the load +address of the lowest section copied into the output file. + + When generating an S-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful +to use `-S' to remove sections containing debugging information. In +some cases `-R' will be useful to remove sections which contain +information that is not needed by the binary file. + + Note--`objcopy' is not able to change the endianness of its input +files. If the input format has an endianness (some formats do not), +`objcopy' can only copy the inputs into file formats that have the same +endianness or which have no endianness (e.g., `srec'). (However, see +the `--reverse-bytes' option.) + +`INFILE' +`OUTFILE' + The input and output files, respectively. If you do not specify + OUTFILE, `objcopy' creates a temporary file and destructively + renames the result with the name of INFILE. + +`-I BFDNAME' +`--input-target=BFDNAME' + Consider the source file's object format to be BFDNAME, rather than + attempting to deduce it. *Note Target Selection::, for more + information. + +`-O BFDNAME' +`--output-target=BFDNAME' + Write the output file using the object format BFDNAME. *Note + Target Selection::, for more information. + +`-F BFDNAME' +`--target=BFDNAME' + Use BFDNAME as the object format for both the input and the output + file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no + translation. *Note Target Selection::, for more information. + +`-B BFDARCH' +`--binary-architecture=BFDARCH' + Useful when transforming a raw binary input file into an object + file. In this case the output architecture can be set to BFDARCH. + This option will be ignored if the input file has a known BFDARCH. + You can access this binary data inside a program by referencing + the special symbols that are created by the conversion process. + These symbols are called _binary_OBJFILE_start, + _binary_OBJFILE_end and _binary_OBJFILE_size. e.g. you can + transform a picture file into an object file and then access it in + your code using these symbols. + +`-j SECTIONNAME' +`--only-section=SECTIONNAME' + Copy only the named section from the input file to the output file. + This option may be given more than once. Note that using this + option inappropriately may make the output file unusable. + +`-R SECTIONNAME' +`--remove-section=SECTIONNAME' + Remove any section named SECTIONNAME from the output file. This + option may be given more than once. Note that using this option + inappropriately may make the output file unusable. + +`-S' +`--strip-all' + Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file. + +`-g' +`--strip-debug' + Do not copy debugging symbols or sections from the source file. + +`--strip-unneeded' + Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. + +`-K SYMBOLNAME' +`--keep-symbol=SYMBOLNAME' + When stripping symbols, keep symbol SYMBOLNAME even if it would + normally be stripped. This option may be given more than once. + +`-N SYMBOLNAME' +`--strip-symbol=SYMBOLNAME' + Do not copy symbol SYMBOLNAME from the source file. This option + may be given more than once. + +`--strip-unneeded-symbol=SYMBOLNAME' + Do not copy symbol SYMBOLNAME from the source file unless it is + needed by a relocation. This option may be given more than once. + +`-G SYMBOLNAME' +`--keep-global-symbol=SYMBOLNAME' + Keep only symbol SYMBOLNAME global. Make all other symbols local + to the file, so that they are not visible externally. This option + may be given more than once. + +`--localize-hidden' + In an ELF object, mark all symbols that have hidden or internal + visibility as local. This option applies on top of + symbol-specific localization options such as `-L'. + +`-L SYMBOLNAME' +`--localize-symbol=SYMBOLNAME' + Make symbol SYMBOLNAME local to the file, so that it is not + visible externally. This option may be given more than once. + +`-W SYMBOLNAME' +`--weaken-symbol=SYMBOLNAME' + Make symbol SYMBOLNAME weak. This option may be given more than + once. + +`--globalize-symbol=SYMBOLNAME' + Give symbol SYMBOLNAME global scoping so that it is visible + outside of the file in which it is defined. This option may be + given more than once. + +`-w' +`--wildcard' + Permit regular expressions in SYMBOLNAMEs used in other command + line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\) + and square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the + symbol name. If the first character of the symbol name is the + exclamation point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for + that symbol. For example: + + -w -W !foo -W fo* + + would cause objcopy to weaken all symbols that start with "fo" + except for the symbol "foo". + +`-x' +`--discard-all' + Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file. + +`-X' +`--discard-locals' + Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually + start with `L' or `.'.) + +`-b BYTE' +`--byte=BYTE' + Keep only every BYTEth byte of the input file (header data is not + affected). BYTE can be in the range from 0 to INTERLEAVE-1, where + INTERLEAVE is given by the `-i' or `--interleave' option, or the + default of 4. This option is useful for creating files to program + ROM. It is typically used with an `srec' output target. + +`-i INTERLEAVE' +`--interleave=INTERLEAVE' + Only copy one out of every INTERLEAVE bytes. Select which byte to + copy with the `-b' or `--byte' option. The default is 4. + `objcopy' ignores this option if you do not specify either `-b' or + `--byte'. + +`-p' +`--preserve-dates' + Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the + same as those of the input file. + +`--debugging' + Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the + default because only certain debugging formats are supported, and + the conversion process can be time consuming. + +`--gap-fill VAL' + Fill gaps between sections with VAL. This operation applies to + the _load address_ (LMA) of the sections. It is done by increasing + the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the + extra space created with VAL. + +`--pad-to ADDRESS' + Pad the output file up to the load address ADDRESS. This is done + by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is + filled in with the value specified by `--gap-fill' (default zero). + +`--set-start VAL' + Set the start address of the new file to VAL. Not all object file + formats support setting the start address. + +`--change-start INCR' +`--adjust-start INCR' + Change the start address by adding INCR. Not all object file + formats support setting the start address. + +`--change-addresses INCR' +`--adjust-vma INCR' + Change the VMA and LMA addresses of all sections, as well as the + start address, by adding INCR. Some object file formats do not + permit section addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that + this does not relocate the sections; if the program expects + sections to be loaded at a certain address, and this option is + used to change the sections such that they are loaded at a + different address, the program may fail. + +`--change-section-address SECTION{=,+,-}VAL' +`--adjust-section-vma SECTION{=,+,-}VAL' + Set or change both the VMA address and the LMA address of the named + SECTION. If `=' is used, the section address is set to VAL. + Otherwise, VAL is added to or subtracted from the section address. + See the comments under `--change-addresses', above. If SECTION + does not exist in the input file, a warning will be issued, unless + `--no-change-warnings' is used. + +`--change-section-lma SECTION{=,+,-}VAL' + Set or change the LMA address of the named SECTION. The LMA + address is the address where the section will be loaded into + memory at program load time. Normally this is the same as the VMA + address, which is the address of the section at program run time, + but on some systems, especially those where a program is held in + ROM, the two can be different. If `=' is used, the section + address is set to VAL. Otherwise, VAL is added to or subtracted + from the section address. See the comments under + `--change-addresses', above. If SECTION does not exist in the + input file, a warning will be issued, unless + `--no-change-warnings' is used. + +`--change-section-vma SECTION{=,+,-}VAL' + Set or change the VMA address of the named SECTION. The VMA + address is the address where the section will be located once the + program has started executing. Normally this is the same as the + LMA address, which is the address where the section will be loaded + into memory, but on some systems, especially those where a program + is held in ROM, the two can be different. If `=' is used, the + section address is set to VAL. Otherwise, VAL is added to or + subtracted from the section address. See the comments under + `--change-addresses', above. If SECTION does not exist in the + input file, a warning will be issued, unless + `--no-change-warnings' is used. + +`--change-warnings' +`--adjust-warnings' + If `--change-section-address' or `--change-section-lma' or + `--change-section-vma' is used, and the named section does not + exist, issue a warning. This is the default. + +`--no-change-warnings' +`--no-adjust-warnings' + Do not issue a warning if `--change-section-address' or + `--adjust-section-lma' or `--adjust-section-vma' is used, even if + the named section does not exist. + +`--set-section-flags SECTION=FLAGS' + Set the flags for the named section. The FLAGS argument is a + comma separated string of flag names. The recognized names are + `alloc', `contents', `load', `noload', `readonly', `code', `data', + `rom', `share', and `debug'. You can set the `contents' flag for + a section which does not have contents, but it is not meaningful + to clear the `contents' flag of a section which does have + contents-just remove the section instead. Not all flags are + meaningful for all object file formats. + +`--add-section SECTIONNAME=FILENAME' + Add a new section named SECTIONNAME while copying the file. The + contents of the new section are taken from the file FILENAME. The + size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only + works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary + names. + +`--rename-section OLDNAME=NEWNAME[,FLAGS]' + Rename a section from OLDNAME to NEWNAME, optionally changing the + section's flags to FLAGS in the process. This has the advantage + over usng a linker script to perform the rename in that the output + stays as an object file and does not become a linked executable. + + This option is particularly helpful when the input format is + binary, since this will always create a section called .data. If + for example, you wanted instead to create a section called .rodata + containing binary data you could use the following command line to + achieve it: + + objcopy -I binary -O <output_format> -B <architecture> \ + --rename-section .data=.rodata,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents \ + <input_binary_file> <output_object_file> + +`--long-section-names {enable,disable,keep}' + Controls the handling of long section names when processing `COFF' + and `PE-COFF' object formats. The default behaviour, `keep', is + to preserve long section names if any are present in the input + file. The `enable' and `disable' options forcibly enable or + disable the use of long section names in the output object; when + `disable' is in effect, any long section names in the input object + will be truncated. The `enable' option will only emit long + section names if any are present in the inputs; this is mostly the + same as `keep', but it is left undefined whether the `enable' + option might force the creation of an empty string table in the + output file. + +`--change-leading-char' + Some object file formats use special characters at the start of + symbols. The most common such character is underscore, which + compilers often add before every symbol. This option tells + `objcopy' to change the leading character of every symbol when it + converts between object file formats. If the object file formats + use the same leading character, this option has no effect. + Otherwise, it will add a character, or remove a character, or + change a character, as appropriate. + +`--remove-leading-char' + If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol + leading character used by the object file format, remove the + character. The most common symbol leading character is + underscore. This option will remove a leading underscore from all + global symbols. This can be useful if you want to link together + objects of different file formats with different conventions for + symbol names. This is different from `--change-leading-char' + because it always changes the symbol name when appropriate, + regardless of the object file format of the output file. + +`--reverse-bytes=NUM' + Reverse the bytes in a section with output contents. A section + length must be evenly divisible by the value given in order for + the swap to be able to take place. Reversing takes place before + the interleaving is performed. + + This option is used typically in generating ROM images for + problematic target systems. For example, on some target boards, + the 32-bit words fetched from 8-bit ROMs are re-assembled in + little-endian byte order regardless of the CPU byte order. + Depending on the programming model, the endianness of the ROM may + need to be modified. + + Consider a simple file with a section containing the following + eight bytes: `12345678'. + + Using `--reverse-bytes=2' for the above example, the bytes in the + output file would be ordered `21436587'. + + Using `--reverse-bytes=4' for the above example, the bytes in the + output file would be ordered `43218765'. + + By using `--reverse-bytes=2' for the above example, followed by + `--reverse-bytes=4' on the output file, the bytes in the second + output file would be ordered `34127856'. + +`--srec-len=IVAL' + Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the + Srecords being produced to IVAL. This length covers both address, + data and crc fields. + +`--srec-forceS3' + Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 + records, creating S3-only record format. + +`--redefine-sym OLD=NEW' + Change the name of a symbol OLD, to NEW. This can be useful when + one is trying link two things together for which you have no + source, and there are name collisions. + +`--redefine-syms=FILENAME' + Apply `--redefine-sym' to each symbol pair "OLD NEW" listed in the + file FILENAME. FILENAME is simply a flat file, with one symbol + pair per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash + character. This option may be given more than once. + +`--weaken' + Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be + useful when building an object which will be linked against other + objects using the `-R' option to the linker. This option is only + effective when using an object file format which supports weak + symbols. + +`--keep-symbols=FILENAME' + Apply `--keep-symbol' option to each symbol listed in the file + FILENAME. FILENAME is simply a flat file, with one symbol name + per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. + This option may be given more than once. + +`--strip-symbols=FILENAME' + Apply `--strip-symbol' option to each symbol listed in the file + FILENAME. FILENAME is simply a flat file, with one symbol name + per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. + This option may be given more than once. + +`--strip-unneeded-symbols=FILENAME' + Apply `--strip-unneeded-symbol' option to each symbol listed in + the file FILENAME. FILENAME is simply a flat file, with one + symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash + character. This option may be given more than once. + +`--keep-global-symbols=FILENAME' + Apply `--keep-global-symbol' option to each symbol listed in the + file FILENAME. FILENAME is simply a flat file, with one symbol + name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash + character. This option may be given more than once. + +`--localize-symbols=FILENAME' + Apply `--localize-symbol' option to each symbol listed in the file + FILENAME. FILENAME is simply a flat file, with one symbol name + per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. + This option may be given more than once. + +`--globalize-symbols=FILENAME' + Apply `--globalize-symbol' option to each symbol listed in the file + FILENAME. FILENAME is simply a flat file, with one symbol name + per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. + This option may be given more than once. + +`--weaken-symbols=FILENAME' + Apply `--weaken-symbol' option to each symbol listed in the file + FILENAME. FILENAME is simply a flat file, with one symbol name + per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. + This option may be given more than once. + +`--alt-machine-code=INDEX' + If the output architecture has alternate machine codes, use the + INDEXth code instead of the default one. This is useful in case a + machine is assigned an official code and the tool-chain adopts the + new code, but other applications still depend on the original code + being used. For ELF based architectures if the INDEX alternative + does not exist then the value is treated as an absolute number to + be stored in the e_machine field of the ELF header. + +`--writable-text' + Mark the output text as writable. This option isn't meaningful + for all object file formats. + +`--readonly-text' + Make the output text write protected. This option isn't + meaningful for all object file formats. + +`--pure' + Mark the output file as demand paged. This option isn't + meaningful for all object file formats. + +`--impure' + Mark the output file as impure. This option isn't meaningful for + all object file formats. + +`--prefix-symbols=STRING' + Prefix all symbols in the output file with STRING. + +`--prefix-sections=STRING' + Prefix all section names in the output file with STRING. + +`--prefix-alloc-sections=STRING' + Prefix all the names of all allocated sections in the output file + with STRING. + +`--add-gnu-debuglink=PATH-TO-FILE' + Creates a .gnu_debuglink section which contains a reference to + PATH-TO-FILE and adds it to the output file. + +`--keep-file-symbols' + When stripping a file, perhaps with `--strip-debug' or + `--strip-unneeded', retain any symbols specifying source file + names, which would otherwise get stripped. + +`--only-keep-debug' + Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be + stripped by `--strip-debug' and leaving the debugging sections + intact. In ELF files, this preserves all note sections in the + output. + + The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with + `--add-gnu-debuglink' to create a two part executable. One a + stripped binary which will occupy less space in RAM and in a + distribution and the second a debugging information file which is + only needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested + procedure to create these files is as follows: + + 1. Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called + `foo' then... + + 2. Run `objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg' to create a file + containing the debugging info. + + 3. Run `objcopy --strip-debug foo' to create a stripped + executable. + + 4. Run `objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo' to add a link + to the debugging info into the stripped executable. + + Note--the choice of `.dbg' as an extension for the debug info file + is arbitrary. Also the `--only-keep-debug' step is optional. You + could instead do this: + + 1. Link the executable as normal. + + 2. Copy `foo' to `foo.full' + + 3. Run `objcopy --strip-debug foo' + + 4. Run `objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo' + + i.e., the file pointed to by the `--add-gnu-debuglink' can be the + full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the + `--only-keep-debug' switch. + + Note--this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. + It does not make sense to use it on object files where the + debugging information may be incomplete. Besides the + gnu_debuglink feature currently only supports the presence of one + filename containing debugging information, not multiple filenames + on a one-per-object-file basis. + +`--file-alignment NUM' + Specify the file alignment. Sections in the file will always + begin at file offsets which are multiples of this number. This + defaults to 512. [This option is specific to PE targets.] + +`--heap RESERVE' +`--heap RESERVE,COMMIT' + Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally + commit) to be used as heap for this program. [This option is + specific to PE targets.] + +`--image-base VALUE' + Use VALUE as the base address of your program or dll. This is the + lowest memory location that will be used when your program or dll + is loaded. To reduce the need to relocate and improve performance + of your dlls, each should have a unique base address and not + overlap any other dlls. The default is 0x400000 for executables, + and 0x10000000 for dlls. [This option is specific to PE targets.] + +`--section-alignment NUM' + Sets the section alignment. Sections in memory will always begin + at addresses which are a multiple of this number. Defaults to + 0x1000. [This option is specific to PE targets.] + +`--stack RESERVE' +`--stack RESERVE,COMMIT' + Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally + commit) to be used as stack for this program. [This option is + specific to PE targets.] + +`--subsystem WHICH' +`--subsystem WHICH:MAJOR' +`--subsystem WHICH:MAJOR.MINOR' + Specifies the subsystem under which your program will execute. The + legal values for WHICH are `native', `windows', `console', + `posix', `efi-app', `efi-bsd', `efi-rtd', `sal-rtd', and `xbox'. + You may optionally set the subsystem version also. Numeric values + are also accepted for WHICH. [This option is specific to PE + targets.] + +`--extract-symbol' + Keep the file's section flags and symbols but remove all section + data. Specifically, the option: + + * removes the contents of all sections; + + * sets the size of every section to zero; and + + * sets the file's start address to zero. + + This option is used to build a `.sym' file for a VxWorks kernel. + It can also be a useful way of reducing the size of a + `--just-symbols' linker input file. + +`-V' +`--version' + Show the version number of `objcopy'. + +`-v' +`--verbose' + Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of + archives, `objcopy -V' lists all members of the archive. + +`--help' + Show a summary of the options to `objcopy'. + +`--info' + Display a list showing all architectures and object formats + available. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: objdump, Next: ranlib, Prev: objcopy, Up: Top + +4 objdump +********* + + objdump [`-a'|`--archive-headers'] + [`-b' BFDNAME|`--target=BFDNAME'] + [`-C'|`--demangle'[=STYLE] ] + [`-d'|`--disassemble'] + [`-D'|`--disassemble-all'] + [`-z'|`--disassemble-zeroes'] + [`-EB'|`-EL'|`--endian='{big | little }] + [`-f'|`--file-headers'] + [`-F'|`--file-offsets'] + [`--file-start-context'] + [`-g'|`--debugging'] + [`-e'|`--debugging-tags'] + [`-h'|`--section-headers'|`--headers'] + [`-i'|`--info'] + [`-j' SECTION|`--section='SECTION] + [`-l'|`--line-numbers'] + [`-S'|`--source'] + [`-m' MACHINE|`--architecture='MACHINE] + [`-M' OPTIONS|`--disassembler-options='OPTIONS] + [`-p'|`--private-headers'] + [`-r'|`--reloc'] + [`-R'|`--dynamic-reloc'] + [`-s'|`--full-contents'] + [`-W[lLiaprmfFsoR]'| + `--dwarf'[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges]] + [`-G'|`--stabs'] + [`-t'|`--syms'] + [`-T'|`--dynamic-syms'] + [`-x'|`--all-headers'] + [`-w'|`--wide'] + [`--start-address='ADDRESS] + [`--stop-address='ADDRESS] + [`--prefix-addresses'] + [`--[no-]show-raw-insn'] + [`--adjust-vma='OFFSET] + [`--special-syms'] + [`--prefix='PREFIX] + [`--prefix-strip='LEVEL] + [`--insn-width='WIDTH] + [`-V'|`--version'] + [`-H'|`--help'] + OBJFILE... + + `objdump' displays information about one or more object files. The +options control what particular information to display. This +information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the +compilation tools, as opposed to programmers who just want their +program to compile and work. + + OBJFILE... are the object files to be examined. When you specify +archives, `objdump' shows information on each of the member object +files. + + The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are +equivalent. At least one option from the list +`-a,-d,-D,-e,-f,-g,-G,-h,-H,-p,-r,-R,-s,-S,-t,-T,-V,-x' must be given. + +`-a' +`--archive-header' + If any of the OBJFILE files are archives, display the archive + header information (in a format similar to `ls -l'). Besides the + information you could list with `ar tv', `objdump -a' shows the + object file format of each archive member. + +`--adjust-vma=OFFSET' + When dumping information, first add OFFSET to all the section + addresses. This is useful if the section addresses do not + correspond to the symbol table, which can happen when putting + sections at particular addresses when using a format which can not + represent section addresses, such as a.out. + +`-b BFDNAME' +`--target=BFDNAME' + Specify that the object-code format for the object files is + BFDNAME. This option may not be necessary; OBJDUMP can + automatically recognize many formats. + + For example, + objdump -b oasys -m vax -h fu.o + displays summary information from the section headers (`-h') of + `fu.o', which is explicitly identified (`-m') as a VAX object file + in the format produced by Oasys compilers. You can list the + formats available with the `-i' option. *Note Target Selection::, + for more information. + +`-C' +`--demangle[=STYLE]' + Decode ("demangle") low-level symbol names into user-level names. + Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, + this makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have + different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument + can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your + compiler. *Note c++filt::, for more information on demangling. + +`-g' +`--debugging' + Display debugging information. This attempts to parse STABS and + IEEE debugging format information stored in the file and print it + out using a C like syntax. If neither of these formats are found + this option falls back on the `-W' option to print any DWARF + information in the file. + +`-e' +`--debugging-tags' + Like `-g', but the information is generated in a format compatible + with ctags tool. + +`-d' +`--disassemble' + Display the assembler mnemonics for the machine instructions from + OBJFILE. This option only disassembles those sections which are + expected to contain instructions. + +`-D' +`--disassemble-all' + Like `-d', but disassemble the contents of all sections, not just + those expected to contain instructions. + + If the target is an ARM architecture this switch also has the + effect of forcing the disassembler to decode pieces of data found + in code sections as if they were instructions. + +`--prefix-addresses' + When disassembling, print the complete address on each line. This + is the older disassembly format. + +`-EB' +`-EL' +`--endian={big|little}' + Specify the endianness of the object files. This only affects + disassembly. This can be useful when disassembling a file format + which does not describe endianness information, such as S-records. + +`-f' +`--file-headers' + Display summary information from the overall header of each of the + OBJFILE files. + +`-F' +`--file-offsets' + When disassembling sections, whenever a symbol is displayed, also + display the file offset of the region of data that is about to be + dumped. If zeroes are being skipped, then when disassembly + resumes, tell the user how many zeroes were skipped and the file + offset of the location from where the disassembly resumes. When + dumping sections, display the file offset of the location from + where the dump starts. + +`--file-start-context' + Specify that when displaying interlisted source code/disassembly + (assumes `-S') from a file that has not yet been displayed, extend + the context to the start of the file. + +`-h' +`--section-headers' +`--headers' + Display summary information from the section headers of the object + file. + + File segments may be relocated to nonstandard addresses, for + example by using the `-Ttext', `-Tdata', or `-Tbss' options to + `ld'. However, some object file formats, such as a.out, do not + store the starting address of the file segments. In those + situations, although `ld' relocates the sections correctly, using + `objdump -h' to list the file section headers cannot show the + correct addresses. Instead, it shows the usual addresses, which + are implicit for the target. + +`-H' +`--help' + Print a summary of the options to `objdump' and exit. + +`-i' +`--info' + Display a list showing all architectures and object formats + available for specification with `-b' or `-m'. + +`-j NAME' +`--section=NAME' + Display information only for section NAME. + +`-l' +`--line-numbers' + Label the display (using debugging information) with the filename + and source line numbers corresponding to the object code or relocs + shown. Only useful with `-d', `-D', or `-r'. + +`-m MACHINE' +`--architecture=MACHINE' + Specify the architecture to use when disassembling object files. + This can be useful when disassembling object files which do not + describe architecture information, such as S-records. You can + list the available architectures with the `-i' option. + + If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch has an + additional effect. It restricts the disassembly to only those + instructions supported by the architecture specified by MACHINE. + If it is necessary to use this switch because the input file does + not contain any architecture information, but it is also desired to + disassemble all the instructions use `-marm'. + +`-M OPTIONS' +`--disassembler-options=OPTIONS' + Pass target specific information to the disassembler. Only + supported on some targets. If it is necessary to specify more + than one disassembler option then multiple `-M' options can be + used or can be placed together into a comma separated list. + + If the target is an ARM architecture then this switch can be used + to select which register name set is used during disassembler. + Specifying `-M reg-names-std' (the default) will select the + register names as used in ARM's instruction set documentation, but + with register 13 called 'sp', register 14 called 'lr' and register + 15 called 'pc'. Specifying `-M reg-names-apcs' will select the + name set used by the ARM Procedure Call Standard, whilst + specifying `-M reg-names-raw' will just use `r' followed by the + register number. + + There are also two variants on the APCS register naming scheme + enabled by `-M reg-names-atpcs' and `-M reg-names-special-atpcs' + which use the ARM/Thumb Procedure Call Standard naming + conventions. (Either with the normal register names or the + special register names). + + This option can also be used for ARM architectures to force the + disassembler to interpret all instructions as Thumb instructions by + using the switch `--disassembler-options=force-thumb'. This can be + useful when attempting to disassemble thumb code produced by other + compilers. + + For the x86, some of the options duplicate functions of the `-m' + switch, but allow finer grained control. Multiple selections from + the following may be specified as a comma separated string. + `x86-64', `i386' and `i8086' select disassembly for the given + architecture. `intel' and `att' select between intel syntax mode + and AT&T syntax mode. `intel-mnemonic' and `att-mnemonic' select + between intel mnemonic mode and AT&T mnemonic mode. + `intel-mnemonic' implies `intel' and `att-mnemonic' implies `att'. + `addr64', `addr32', `addr16', `data32' and `data16' specify the + default address size and operand size. These four options will be + overridden if `x86-64', `i386' or `i8086' appear later in the + option string. Lastly, `suffix', when in AT&T mode, instructs the + disassembler to print a mnemonic suffix even when the suffix could + be inferred by the operands. + + For PowerPC, `booke' controls the disassembly of BookE + instructions. `32' and `64' select PowerPC and PowerPC64 + disassembly, respectively. `e300' selects disassembly for the + e300 family. `440' selects disassembly for the PowerPC 440. + `ppcps' selects disassembly for the paired single instructions of + the PPC750CL. + + For MIPS, this option controls the printing of instruction mnemonic + names and register names in disassembled instructions. Multiple + selections from the following may be specified as a comma separated + string, and invalid options are ignored: + + `no-aliases' + Print the 'raw' instruction mnemonic instead of some pseudo + instruction mnemonic. I.e., print 'daddu' or 'or' instead of + 'move', 'sll' instead of 'nop', etc. + + `gpr-names=ABI' + Print GPR (general-purpose register) names as appropriate for + the specified ABI. By default, GPR names are selected + according to the ABI of the binary being disassembled. + + `fpr-names=ABI' + Print FPR (floating-point register) names as appropriate for + the specified ABI. By default, FPR numbers are printed + rather than names. + + `cp0-names=ARCH' + Print CP0 (system control coprocessor; coprocessor 0) + register names as appropriate for the CPU or architecture + specified by ARCH. By default, CP0 register names are + selected according to the architecture and CPU of the binary + being disassembled. + + `hwr-names=ARCH' + Print HWR (hardware register, used by the `rdhwr' + instruction) names as appropriate for the CPU or architecture + specified by ARCH. By default, HWR names are selected + according to the architecture and CPU of the binary being + disassembled. + + `reg-names=ABI' + Print GPR and FPR names as appropriate for the selected ABI. + + `reg-names=ARCH' + Print CPU-specific register names (CP0 register and HWR names) + as appropriate for the selected CPU or architecture. + + For any of the options listed above, ABI or ARCH may be specified + as `numeric' to have numbers printed rather than names, for the + selected types of registers. You can list the available values of + ABI and ARCH using the `--help' option. + + For VAX, you can specify function entry addresses with `-M + entry:0xf00ba'. You can use this multiple times to properly + disassemble VAX binary files that don't contain symbol tables (like + ROM dumps). In these cases, the function entry mask would + otherwise be decoded as VAX instructions, which would probably + lead the rest of the function being wrongly disassembled. + +`-p' +`--private-headers' + Print information that is specific to the object file format. The + exact information printed depends upon the object file format. + For some object file formats, no additional information is printed. + +`-r' +`--reloc' + Print the relocation entries of the file. If used with `-d' or + `-D', the relocations are printed interspersed with the + disassembly. + +`-R' +`--dynamic-reloc' + Print the dynamic relocation entries of the file. This is only + meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared + libraries. As for `-r', if used with `-d' or `-D', the + relocations are printed interspersed with the disassembly. + +`-s' +`--full-contents' + Display the full contents of any sections requested. By default + all non-empty sections are displayed. + +`-S' +`--source' + Display source code intermixed with disassembly, if possible. + Implies `-d'. + +`--prefix=PREFIX' + Specify PREFIX to add to the absolute paths when used with `-S'. + +`--prefix-strip=LEVEL' + Indicate how many initial directory names to strip off the + hardwired absolute paths. It has no effect without + `--prefix='PREFIX. + +`--show-raw-insn' + When disassembling instructions, print the instruction in hex as + well as in symbolic form. This is the default except when + `--prefix-addresses' is used. + +`--no-show-raw-insn' + When disassembling instructions, do not print the instruction + bytes. This is the default when `--prefix-addresses' is used. + +`--insn-width=WIDTH' + Display WIDTH bytes on a single line when disassembling + instructions. + +`-W[lLiaprmfFsoR]' +`--dwarf[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges]' + Displays the contents of the debug sections in the file, if any are + present. If one of the optional letters or words follows the + switch then only data found in those specific sections will be + dumped. + +`-G' +`--stabs' + Display the full contents of any sections requested. Display the + contents of the .stab and .stab.index and .stab.excl sections from + an ELF file. This is only useful on systems (such as Solaris 2.0) + in which `.stab' debugging symbol-table entries are carried in an + ELF section. In most other file formats, debugging symbol-table + entries are interleaved with linkage symbols, and are visible in + the `--syms' output. For more information on stabs symbols, see + *Note Stabs: (stabs.info)Top. + +`--start-address=ADDRESS' + Start displaying data at the specified address. This affects the + output of the `-d', `-r' and `-s' options. + +`--stop-address=ADDRESS' + Stop displaying data at the specified address. This affects the + output of the `-d', `-r' and `-s' options. + +`-t' +`--syms' + Print the symbol table entries of the file. This is similar to + the information provided by the `nm' program, although the display + format is different. The format of the output depends upon the + format of the file being dumped, but there are two main types. + One looks like this: + + [ 4](sec 3)(fl 0x00)(ty 0)(scl 3) (nx 1) 0x00000000 .bss + [ 6](sec 1)(fl 0x00)(ty 0)(scl 2) (nx 0) 0x00000000 fred + + where the number inside the square brackets is the number of the + entry in the symbol table, the SEC number is the section number, + the FL value are the symbol's flag bits, the TY number is the + symbol's type, the SCL number is the symbol's storage class and + the NX value is the number of auxilary entries associated with the + symbol. The last two fields are the symbol's value and its name. + + The other common output format, usually seen with ELF based files, + looks like this: + + 00000000 l d .bss 00000000 .bss + 00000000 g .text 00000000 fred + + Here the first number is the symbol's value (sometimes refered to + as its address). The next field is actually a set of characters + and spaces indicating the flag bits that are set on the symbol. + These characters are described below. Next is the section with + which the symbol is associated or _*ABS*_ if the section is + absolute (ie not connected with any section), or _*UND*_ if the + section is referenced in the file being dumped, but not defined + there. + + After the section name comes another field, a number, which for + common symbols is the alignment and for other symbol is the size. + Finally the symbol's name is displayed. + + The flag characters are divided into 7 groups as follows: + `l' + `g' + `u' + `!' + The symbol is a local (l), global (g), unique global (u), + neither global nor local (a space) or both global and local + (!). A symbol can be neither local or global for a variety + of reasons, e.g., because it is used for debugging, but it is + probably an indication of a bug if it is ever both local and + global. Unique global symbols are a GNU extension to the + standard set of ELF symbol bindings. For such a symbol the + dynamic linker will make sure that in the entire process + there is just one symbol with this name and type in use. + + `w' + The symbol is weak (w) or strong (a space). + + `C' + The symbol denotes a constructor (C) or an ordinary symbol (a + space). + + `W' + The symbol is a warning (W) or a normal symbol (a space). A + warning symbol's name is a message to be displayed if the + symbol following the warning symbol is ever referenced. + + `I' + + `i' + The symbol is an indirect reference to another symbol (I), a + function to be evaluated during reloc processing (i) or a + normal symbol (a space). + + `d' + `D' + The symbol is a debugging symbol (d) or a dynamic symbol (D) + or a normal symbol (a space). + + `F' + + `f' + + `O' + The symbol is the name of a function (F) or a file (f) or an + object (O) or just a normal symbol (a space). + +`-T' +`--dynamic-syms' + Print the dynamic symbol table entries of the file. This is only + meaningful for dynamic objects, such as certain types of shared + libraries. This is similar to the information provided by the `nm' + program when given the `-D' (`--dynamic') option. + +`--special-syms' + When displaying symbols include those which the target considers + to be special in some way and which would not normally be of + interest to the user. + +`-V' +`--version' + Print the version number of `objdump' and exit. + +`-x' +`--all-headers' + Display all available header information, including the symbol + table and relocation entries. Using `-x' is equivalent to + specifying all of `-a -f -h -p -r -t'. + +`-w' +`--wide' + Format some lines for output devices that have more than 80 + columns. Also do not truncate symbol names when they are + displayed. + +`-z' +`--disassemble-zeroes' + Normally the disassembly output will skip blocks of zeroes. This + option directs the disassembler to disassemble those blocks, just + like any other data. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: ranlib, Next: readelf, Prev: objdump, Up: Top + +5 ranlib +******** + + ranlib [`-vVt'] ARCHIVE + + `ranlib' generates an index to the contents of an archive and stores +it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a member of +an archive that is a relocatable object file. + + You may use `nm -s' or `nm --print-armap' to list this index. + + An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library and +allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to +their placement in the archive. + + The GNU `ranlib' program is another form of GNU `ar'; running +`ranlib' is completely equivalent to executing `ar -s'. *Note ar::. + +`-v' +`-V' +`--version' + Show the version number of `ranlib'. + +`-t' + Update the timestamp of the symbol map of an archive. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: size, Next: strings, Prev: readelf, Up: Top + +6 size +****** + + size [`-A'|`-B'|`--format='COMPATIBILITY] + [`--help'] + [`-d'|`-o'|`-x'|`--radix='NUMBER] + [`--common'] + [`-t'|`--totals'] + [`--target='BFDNAME] [`-V'|`--version'] + [OBJFILE...] + + The GNU `size' utility lists the section sizes--and the total +size--for each of the object or archive files OBJFILE in its argument +list. By default, one line of output is generated for each object file +or each module in an archive. + + OBJFILE... are the object files to be examined. If none are +specified, the file `a.out' will be used. + + The command line options have the following meanings: + +`-A' +`-B' +`--format=COMPATIBILITY' + Using one of these options, you can choose whether the output from + GNU `size' resembles output from System V `size' (using `-A', or + `--format=sysv'), or Berkeley `size' (using `-B', or + `--format=berkeley'). The default is the one-line format similar + to Berkeley's. + + Here is an example of the Berkeley (default) format of output from + `size': + $ size --format=Berkeley ranlib size + text data bss dec hex filename + 294880 81920 11592 388392 5ed28 ranlib + 294880 81920 11888 388688 5ee50 size + + This is the same data, but displayed closer to System V + conventions: + + $ size --format=SysV ranlib size + ranlib : + section size addr + .text 294880 8192 + .data 81920 303104 + .bss 11592 385024 + Total 388392 + + + size : + section size addr + .text 294880 8192 + .data 81920 303104 + .bss 11888 385024 + Total 388688 + +`--help' + Show a summary of acceptable arguments and options. + +`-d' +`-o' +`-x' +`--radix=NUMBER' + Using one of these options, you can control whether the size of + each section is given in decimal (`-d', or `--radix=10'); octal + (`-o', or `--radix=8'); or hexadecimal (`-x', or `--radix=16'). + In `--radix=NUMBER', only the three values (8, 10, 16) are + supported. The total size is always given in two radices; decimal + and hexadecimal for `-d' or `-x' output, or octal and hexadecimal + if you're using `-o'. + +`--common' + Print total size of common symbols in each file. When using + Berkeley format these are included in the bss size. + +`-t' +`--totals' + Show totals of all objects listed (Berkeley format listing mode + only). + +`--target=BFDNAME' + Specify that the object-code format for OBJFILE is BFDNAME. This + option may not be necessary; `size' can automatically recognize + many formats. *Note Target Selection::, for more information. + +`-V' +`--version' + Display the version number of `size'. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: strings, Next: strip, Prev: size, Up: Top + +7 strings +********* + + strings [`-afovV'] [`-'MIN-LEN] + [`-n' MIN-LEN] [`--bytes='MIN-LEN] + [`-t' RADIX] [`--radix='RADIX] + [`-e' ENCODING] [`--encoding='ENCODING] + [`-'] [`--all'] [`--print-file-name'] + [`-T' BFDNAME] [`--target='BFDNAME] + [`--help'] [`--version'] FILE... + + For each FILE given, GNU `strings' prints the printable character +sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number given with +the options below) and are followed by an unprintable character. By +default, it only prints the strings from the initialized and loaded +sections of object files; for other types of files, it prints the +strings from the whole file. + + `strings' is mainly useful for determining the contents of non-text +files. + +`-a' +`--all' +`-' + Do not scan only the initialized and loaded sections of object + files; scan the whole files. + +`-f' +`--print-file-name' + Print the name of the file before each string. + +`--help' + Print a summary of the program usage on the standard output and + exit. + +`-MIN-LEN' +`-n MIN-LEN' +`--bytes=MIN-LEN' + Print sequences of characters that are at least MIN-LEN characters + long, instead of the default 4. + +`-o' + Like `-t o'. Some other versions of `strings' have `-o' act like + `-t d' instead. Since we can not be compatible with both ways, we + simply chose one. + +`-t RADIX' +`--radix=RADIX' + Print the offset within the file before each string. The single + character argument specifies the radix of the offset--`o' for + octal, `x' for hexadecimal, or `d' for decimal. + +`-e ENCODING' +`--encoding=ENCODING' + Select the character encoding of the strings that are to be found. + Possible values for ENCODING are: `s' = single-7-bit-byte + characters (ASCII, ISO 8859, etc., default), `S' = + single-8-bit-byte characters, `b' = 16-bit bigendian, `l' = 16-bit + littleendian, `B' = 32-bit bigendian, `L' = 32-bit littleendian. + Useful for finding wide character strings. (`l' and `b' apply to, + for example, Unicode UTF-16/UCS-2 encodings). + +`-T BFDNAME' +`--target=BFDNAME' + Specify an object code format other than your system's default + format. *Note Target Selection::, for more information. + +`-v' +`-V' +`--version' + Print the program version number on the standard output and exit. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: strip, Next: c++filt, Prev: strings, Up: Top + +8 strip +******* + + strip [`-F' BFDNAME |`--target='BFDNAME] + [`-I' BFDNAME |`--input-target='BFDNAME] + [`-O' BFDNAME |`--output-target='BFDNAME] + [`-s'|`--strip-all'] + [`-S'|`-g'|`-d'|`--strip-debug'] + [`-K' SYMBOLNAME |`--keep-symbol='SYMBOLNAME] + [`-N' SYMBOLNAME |`--strip-symbol='SYMBOLNAME] + [`-w'|`--wildcard'] + [`-x'|`--discard-all'] [`-X' |`--discard-locals'] + [`-R' SECTIONNAME |`--remove-section='SECTIONNAME] + [`-o' FILE] [`-p'|`--preserve-dates'] + [`--keep-file-symbols'] + [`--only-keep-debug'] + [`-v' |`--verbose'] [`-V'|`--version'] + [`--help'] [`--info'] + OBJFILE... + + GNU `strip' discards all symbols from object files OBJFILE. The +list of object files may include archives. At least one object file +must be given. + + `strip' modifies the files named in its argument, rather than +writing modified copies under different names. + +`-F BFDNAME' +`--target=BFDNAME' + Treat the original OBJFILE as a file with the object code format + BFDNAME, and rewrite it in the same format. *Note Target + Selection::, for more information. + +`--help' + Show a summary of the options to `strip' and exit. + +`--info' + Display a list showing all architectures and object formats + available. + +`-I BFDNAME' +`--input-target=BFDNAME' + Treat the original OBJFILE as a file with the object code format + BFDNAME. *Note Target Selection::, for more information. + +`-O BFDNAME' +`--output-target=BFDNAME' + Replace OBJFILE with a file in the output format BFDNAME. *Note + Target Selection::, for more information. + +`-R SECTIONNAME' +`--remove-section=SECTIONNAME' + Remove any section named SECTIONNAME from the output file. This + option may be given more than once. Note that using this option + inappropriately may make the output file unusable. + +`-s' +`--strip-all' + Remove all symbols. + +`-g' +`-S' +`-d' +`--strip-debug' + Remove debugging symbols only. + +`--strip-unneeded' + Remove all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. + +`-K SYMBOLNAME' +`--keep-symbol=SYMBOLNAME' + When stripping symbols, keep symbol SYMBOLNAME even if it would + normally be stripped. This option may be given more than once. + +`-N SYMBOLNAME' +`--strip-symbol=SYMBOLNAME' + Remove symbol SYMBOLNAME from the source file. This option may be + given more than once, and may be combined with strip options other + than `-K'. + +`-o FILE' + Put the stripped output in FILE, rather than replacing the + existing file. When this argument is used, only one OBJFILE + argument may be specified. + +`-p' +`--preserve-dates' + Preserve the access and modification dates of the file. + +`-w' +`--wildcard' + Permit regular expressions in SYMBOLNAMEs used in other command + line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\) + and square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the + symbol name. If the first character of the symbol name is the + exclamation point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for + that symbol. For example: + + -w -K !foo -K fo* + + would cause strip to only keep symbols that start with the letters + "fo", but to discard the symbol "foo". + +`-x' +`--discard-all' + Remove non-global symbols. + +`-X' +`--discard-locals' + Remove compiler-generated local symbols. (These usually start + with `L' or `.'.) + +`--keep-file-symbols' + When stripping a file, perhaps with `--strip-debug' or + `--strip-unneeded', retain any symbols specifying source file + names, which would otherwise get stripped. + +`--only-keep-debug' + Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be + stripped by `--strip-debug' and leaving the debugging sections + intact. In ELF files, this preserves all note sections in the + output. + + The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with + `--add-gnu-debuglink' to create a two part executable. One a + stripped binary which will occupy less space in RAM and in a + distribution and the second a debugging information file which is + only needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested + procedure to create these files is as follows: + + 1. Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called + `foo' then... + + 2. Run `objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg' to create a file + containing the debugging info. + + 3. Run `objcopy --strip-debug foo' to create a stripped + executable. + + 4. Run `objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo' to add a link + to the debugging info into the stripped executable. + + Note--the choice of `.dbg' as an extension for the debug info file + is arbitrary. Also the `--only-keep-debug' step is optional. You + could instead do this: + + 1. Link the executable as normal. + + 2. Copy `foo' to `foo.full' + + 3. Run `strip --strip-debug foo' + + 4. Run `objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo' + + i.e., the file pointed to by the `--add-gnu-debuglink' can be the + full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the + `--only-keep-debug' switch. + + Note--this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. + It does not make sense to use it on object files where the + debugging information may be incomplete. Besides the + gnu_debuglink feature currently only supports the presence of one + filename containing debugging information, not multiple filenames + on a one-per-object-file basis. + +`-V' +`--version' + Show the version number for `strip'. + +`-v' +`--verbose' + Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of + archives, `strip -v' lists all members of the archive. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: c++filt, Next: addr2line, Prev: strip, Up: Top + +9 c++filt +********* + + c++filt [`-_'|`--strip-underscores'] + [`-n'|`--no-strip-underscores'] + [`-p'|`--no-params'] + [`-t'|`--types'] + [`-i'|`--no-verbose'] + [`-s' FORMAT|`--format='FORMAT] + [`--help'] [`--version'] [SYMBOL...] + + The C++ and Java languages provide function overloading, which means +that you can write many functions with the same name, providing that +each function takes parameters of different types. In order to be able +to distinguish these similarly named functions C++ and Java encode them +into a low-level assembler name which uniquely identifies each +different version. This process is known as "mangling". The `c++filt' +(1) program does the inverse mapping: it decodes ("demangles") low-level +names into user-level names so that they can be read. + + Every alphanumeric word (consisting of letters, digits, underscores, +dollars, or periods) seen in the input is a potential mangled name. If +the name decodes into a C++ name, the C++ name replaces the low-level +name in the output, otherwise the original word is output. In this way +you can pass an entire assembler source file, containing mangled names, +through `c++filt' and see the same source file containing demangled +names. + + You can also use `c++filt' to decipher individual symbols by passing +them on the command line: + + c++filt SYMBOL + + If no SYMBOL arguments are given, `c++filt' reads symbol names from +the standard input instead. All the results are printed on the +standard output. The difference between reading names from the command +line versus reading names from the standard input is that command line +arguments are expected to be just mangled names and no checking is +performed to separate them from surrounding text. Thus for example: + + c++filt -n _Z1fv + + will work and demangle the name to "f()" whereas: + + c++filt -n _Z1fv, + + will not work. (Note the extra comma at the end of the mangled name +which makes it invalid). This command however will work: + + echo _Z1fv, | c++filt -n + + and will display "f(),", i.e., the demangled name followed by a +trailing comma. This behaviour is because when the names are read from +the standard input it is expected that they might be part of an +assembler source file where there might be extra, extraneous characters +trailing after a mangled name. For example: + + .type _Z1fv, @function + +`-_' +`--strip-underscores' + On some systems, both the C and C++ compilers put an underscore in + front of every name. For example, the C name `foo' gets the + low-level name `_foo'. This option removes the initial + underscore. Whether `c++filt' removes the underscore by default + is target dependent. + +`-n' +`--no-strip-underscores' + Do not remove the initial underscore. + +`-p' +`--no-params' + When demangling the name of a function, do not display the types of + the function's parameters. + +`-t' +`--types' + Attempt to demangle types as well as function names. This is + disabled by default since mangled types are normally only used + internally in the compiler, and they can be confused with + non-mangled names. For example, a function called "a" treated as + a mangled type name would be demangled to "signed char". + +`-i' +`--no-verbose' + Do not include implementation details (if any) in the demangled + output. + +`-s FORMAT' +`--format=FORMAT' + `c++filt' can decode various methods of mangling, used by + different compilers. The argument to this option selects which + method it uses: + + `auto' + Automatic selection based on executable (the default method) + + `gnu' + the one used by the GNU C++ compiler (g++) + + `lucid' + the one used by the Lucid compiler (lcc) + + `arm' + the one specified by the C++ Annotated Reference Manual + + `hp' + the one used by the HP compiler (aCC) + + `edg' + the one used by the EDG compiler + + `gnu-v3' + the one used by the GNU C++ compiler (g++) with the V3 ABI. + + `java' + the one used by the GNU Java compiler (gcj) + + `gnat' + the one used by the GNU Ada compiler (GNAT). + +`--help' + Print a summary of the options to `c++filt' and exit. + +`--version' + Print the version number of `c++filt' and exit. + + _Warning:_ `c++filt' is a new utility, and the details of its user + interface are subject to change in future releases. In particular, + a command-line option may be required in the future to decode a + name passed as an argument on the command line; in other words, + + c++filt SYMBOL + + may in a future release become + + c++filt OPTION SYMBOL + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) MS-DOS does not allow `+' characters in file names, so on MS-DOS +this program is named `CXXFILT'. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: addr2line, Next: nlmconv, Prev: c++filt, Up: Top + +10 addr2line +************ + + addr2line [`-b' BFDNAME|`--target='BFDNAME] + [`-C'|`--demangle'[=STYLE]] + [`-e' FILENAME|`--exe='FILENAME] + [`-f'|`--functions'] [`-s'|`--basename'] + [`-i'|`--inlines'] + [`-j'|`--section='NAME] + [`-H'|`--help'] [`-V'|`--version'] + [addr addr ...] + + `addr2line' translates addresses into file names and line numbers. +Given an address in an executable or an offset in a section of a +relocatable object, it uses the debugging information to figure out +which file name and line number are associated with it. + + The executable or relocatable object to use is specified with the +`-e' option. The default is the file `a.out'. The section in the +relocatable object to use is specified with the `-j' option. + + `addr2line' has two modes of operation. + + In the first, hexadecimal addresses are specified on the command +line, and `addr2line' displays the file name and line number for each +address. + + In the second, `addr2line' reads hexadecimal addresses from standard +input, and prints the file name and line number for each address on +standard output. In this mode, `addr2line' may be used in a pipe to +convert dynamically chosen addresses. + + The format of the output is `FILENAME:LINENO'. The file name and +line number for each address is printed on a separate line. If the +`-f' option is used, then each `FILENAME:LINENO' line is preceded by a +`FUNCTIONNAME' line which is the name of the function containing the +address. + + If the file name or function name can not be determined, `addr2line' +will print two question marks in their place. If the line number can +not be determined, `addr2line' will print 0. + + The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are +equivalent. + +`-b BFDNAME' +`--target=BFDNAME' + Specify that the object-code format for the object files is + BFDNAME. + +`-C' +`--demangle[=STYLE]' + Decode ("demangle") low-level symbol names into user-level names. + Besides removing any initial underscore prepended by the system, + this makes C++ function names readable. Different compilers have + different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument + can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your + compiler. *Note c++filt::, for more information on demangling. + +`-e FILENAME' +`--exe=FILENAME' + Specify the name of the executable for which addresses should be + translated. The default file is `a.out'. + +`-f' +`--functions' + Display function names as well as file and line number information. + +`-s' +`--basenames' + Display only the base of each file name. + +`-i' +`--inlines' + If the address belongs to a function that was inlined, the source + information for all enclosing scopes back to the first non-inlined + function will also be printed. For example, if `main' inlines + `callee1' which inlines `callee2', and address is from `callee2', + the source information for `callee1' and `main' will also be + printed. + +`-j' +`--section' + Read offsets relative to the specified section instead of absolute + addresses. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: nlmconv, Next: windres, Prev: addr2line, Up: Top + +11 nlmconv +********** + +`nlmconv' converts a relocatable object file into a NetWare Loadable +Module. + + _Warning:_ `nlmconv' is not always built as part of the binary + utilities, since it is only useful for NLM targets. + + nlmconv [`-I' BFDNAME|`--input-target='BFDNAME] + [`-O' BFDNAME|`--output-target='BFDNAME] + [`-T' HEADERFILE|`--header-file='HEADERFILE] + [`-d'|`--debug'] [`-l' LINKER|`--linker='LINKER] + [`-h'|`--help'] [`-V'|`--version'] + INFILE OUTFILE + + `nlmconv' converts the relocatable `i386' object file INFILE into +the NetWare Loadable Module OUTFILE, optionally reading HEADERFILE for +NLM header information. For instructions on writing the NLM command +file language used in header files, see the `linkers' section, +`NLMLINK' in particular, of the `NLM Development and Tools Overview', +which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit ("NLM SDK"), +available from Novell, Inc. `nlmconv' uses the GNU Binary File +Descriptor library to read INFILE; see *Note BFD: (ld.info)BFD, for +more information. + + `nlmconv' can perform a link step. In other words, you can list +more than one object file for input if you list them in the definitions +file (rather than simply specifying one input file on the command line). +In this case, `nlmconv' calls the linker for you. + +`-I BFDNAME' +`--input-target=BFDNAME' + Object format of the input file. `nlmconv' can usually determine + the format of a given file (so no default is necessary). *Note + Target Selection::, for more information. + +`-O BFDNAME' +`--output-target=BFDNAME' + Object format of the output file. `nlmconv' infers the output + format based on the input format, e.g. for a `i386' input file the + output format is `nlm32-i386'. *Note Target Selection::, for more + information. + +`-T HEADERFILE' +`--header-file=HEADERFILE' + Reads HEADERFILE for NLM header information. For instructions on + writing the NLM command file language used in header files, see + see the `linkers' section, of the `NLM Development and Tools + Overview', which is part of the NLM Software Developer's Kit, + available from Novell, Inc. + +`-d' +`--debug' + Displays (on standard error) the linker command line used by + `nlmconv'. + +`-l LINKER' +`--linker=LINKER' + Use LINKER for any linking. LINKER can be an absolute or a + relative pathname. + +`-h' +`--help' + Prints a usage summary. + +`-V' +`--version' + Prints the version number for `nlmconv'. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: windmc, Next: dlltool, Prev: windres, Up: Top + +12 windmc +********* + +`windmc' may be used to generator Windows message resources. + + _Warning:_ `windmc' is not always built as part of the binary + utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets. + + windmc [options] input-file + + `windmc' reads message definitions from an input file (.mc) and +translate them into a set of output files. The output files may be of +four kinds: + +`h' + A C header file containing the message definitions. + +`rc' + A resource file compilable by the `windres' tool. + +`bin' + One or more binary files containing the resource data for a + specific message language. + +`dbg' + A C include file that maps message id's to their symbolic name. + + The exact description of these different formats is available in +documentation from Microsoft. + + When `windmc' converts from the `mc' format to the `bin' format, +`rc', `h', and optional `dbg' it is acting like the Windows Message +Compiler. + +`-a' +`--ascii_in' + Specifies that the input file specified is ANSI. This is the + default behaviour. + +`-A' +`--ascii_out' + Specifies that messages in the output `bin' files should be in ANSI + format. + +`-b' +`--binprefix' + Specifies that `bin' filenames should have to be prefixed by the + basename of the source file. + +`-c' +`--customflag' + Sets the customer bit in all message id's. + +`-C CODEPAGE' +`--codepage_in CODEPAGE' + Sets the default codepage to be used to convert input file to + UTF16. The default is ocdepage 1252. + +`-d' +`--decimal_values' + Outputs the constants in the header file in decimal. Default is + using hexadecimal output. + +`-e EXT' +`--extension EXT' + The extension for the header file. The default is .h extension. + +`-F TARGET' +`--target TARGET' + Specify the BFD format to use for a bin file as output. This is a + BFD target name; you can use the `--help' option to see a list of + supported targets. Normally `windmc' will use the default format, + which is the first one listed by the `--help' option. *Note + Target Selection::. + +`-h PATH' +`--headerdir PATH' + The target directory of the generated header file. The default is + the current directory. + +`-H' +`--help' + Displays a list of command line options and then exits. + +`-m CHARACTERS' +`--maxlength CHARACTERS' + Instructs `windmc' to generate a warning if the length of any + message exceeds the number specified. + +`-n' +`--nullterminate' + Terminate message text in `bin' files by zero. By default they are + terminated by CR/LF. + +`-o' +`--hresult_use' + Not yet implemented. Instructs `windmc' to generate an OLE2 header + file, using HRESULT definitions. Status codes are used if the flag + is not specified. + +`-O CODEPAGE' +`--codepage_out CODEPAGE' + Sets the default codepage to be used to output text files. The + default is ocdepage 1252. + +`-r PATH' +`--rcdir PATH' + The target directory for the generated `rc' script and the + generated `bin' files that the resource compiler script includes. + The default is the current directory. + +`-u' +`--unicode_in' + Specifies that the input file is UTF16. + +`-U' +`--unicode_out' + Specifies that messages in the output `bin' file should be in UTF16 + format. This is the default behaviour. + +`-v' + +`--verbose' + Enable verbose mode. + +`-V' + +`--version' + Prints the version number for `windmc'. + +`-x PATH' +`--xdgb PATH' + The path of the `dbg' C include file that maps message id's to the + symbolic name. No such file is generated without specifying the + switch. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: windres, Next: windmc, Prev: nlmconv, Up: Top + +13 windres +********** + +`windres' may be used to manipulate Windows resources. + + _Warning:_ `windres' is not always built as part of the binary + utilities, since it is only useful for Windows targets. + + windres [options] [input-file] [output-file] + + `windres' reads resources from an input file and copies them into an +output file. Either file may be in one of three formats: + +`rc' + A text format read by the Resource Compiler. + +`res' + A binary format generated by the Resource Compiler. + +`coff' + A COFF object or executable. + + The exact description of these different formats is available in +documentation from Microsoft. + + When `windres' converts from the `rc' format to the `res' format, it +is acting like the Windows Resource Compiler. When `windres' converts +from the `res' format to the `coff' format, it is acting like the +Windows `CVTRES' program. + + When `windres' generates an `rc' file, the output is similar but not +identical to the format expected for the input. When an input `rc' +file refers to an external filename, an output `rc' file will instead +include the file contents. + + If the input or output format is not specified, `windres' will guess +based on the file name, or, for the input file, the file contents. A +file with an extension of `.rc' will be treated as an `rc' file, a file +with an extension of `.res' will be treated as a `res' file, and a file +with an extension of `.o' or `.exe' will be treated as a `coff' file. + + If no output file is specified, `windres' will print the resources +in `rc' format to standard output. + + The normal use is for you to write an `rc' file, use `windres' to +convert it to a COFF object file, and then link the COFF file into your +application. This will make the resources described in the `rc' file +available to Windows. + +`-i FILENAME' +`--input FILENAME' + The name of the input file. If this option is not used, then + `windres' will use the first non-option argument as the input file + name. If there are no non-option arguments, then `windres' will + read from standard input. `windres' can not read a COFF file from + standard input. + +`-o FILENAME' +`--output FILENAME' + The name of the output file. If this option is not used, then + `windres' will use the first non-option argument, after any used + for the input file name, as the output file name. If there is no + non-option argument, then `windres' will write to standard output. + `windres' can not write a COFF file to standard output. Note, for + compatibility with `rc' the option `-fo' is also accepted, but its + use is not recommended. + +`-J FORMAT' +`--input-format FORMAT' + The input format to read. FORMAT may be `res', `rc', or `coff'. + If no input format is specified, `windres' will guess, as + described above. + +`-O FORMAT' +`--output-format FORMAT' + The output format to generate. FORMAT may be `res', `rc', or + `coff'. If no output format is specified, `windres' will guess, + as described above. + +`-F TARGET' +`--target TARGET' + Specify the BFD format to use for a COFF file as input or output. + This is a BFD target name; you can use the `--help' option to see + a list of supported targets. Normally `windres' will use the + default format, which is the first one listed by the `--help' + option. *Note Target Selection::. + +`--preprocessor PROGRAM' + When `windres' reads an `rc' file, it runs it through the C + preprocessor first. This option may be used to specify the + preprocessor to use, including any leading arguments. The default + preprocessor argument is `gcc -E -xc-header -DRC_INVOKED'. + +`-I DIRECTORY' +`--include-dir DIRECTORY' + Specify an include directory to use when reading an `rc' file. + `windres' will pass this to the preprocessor as an `-I' option. + `windres' will also search this directory when looking for files + named in the `rc' file. If the argument passed to this command + matches any of the supported FORMATS (as described in the `-J' + option), it will issue a deprecation warning, and behave just like + the `-J' option. New programs should not use this behaviour. If a + directory happens to match a FORMAT, simple prefix it with `./' to + disable the backward compatibility. + +`-D TARGET' +`--define SYM[=VAL]' + Specify a `-D' option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an + `rc' file. + +`-U TARGET' +`--undefine SYM' + Specify a `-U' option to pass to the preprocessor when reading an + `rc' file. + +`-r' + Ignored for compatibility with rc. + +`-v' + Enable verbose mode. This tells you what the preprocessor is if + you didn't specify one. + +`-c VAL' + +`--codepage VAL' + Specify the default codepage to use when reading an `rc' file. + VAL should be a hexadecimal prefixed by `0x' or decimal codepage + code. The valid range is from zero up to 0xffff, but the validity + of the codepage is host and configuration dependent. + +`-l VAL' + +`--language VAL' + Specify the default language to use when reading an `rc' file. + VAL should be a hexadecimal language code. The low eight bits are + the language, and the high eight bits are the sublanguage. + +`--use-temp-file' + Use a temporary file to instead of using popen to read the output + of the preprocessor. Use this option if the popen implementation + is buggy on the host (eg., certain non-English language versions + of Windows 95 and Windows 98 are known to have buggy popen where + the output will instead go the console). + +`--no-use-temp-file' + Use popen, not a temporary file, to read the output of the + preprocessor. This is the default behaviour. + +`-h' + +`--help' + Prints a usage summary. + +`-V' + +`--version' + Prints the version number for `windres'. + +`--yydebug' + If `windres' is compiled with `YYDEBUG' defined as `1', this will + turn on parser debugging. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: dlltool, Next: Common Options, Prev: windmc, Up: Top + +14 dlltool +********** + +`dlltool' is used to create the files needed to create dynamic link +libraries (DLLs) on systems which understand PE format image files such +as Windows. A DLL contains an export table which contains information +that the runtime loader needs to resolve references from a referencing +program. + + The export table is generated by this program by reading in a `.def' +file or scanning the `.a' and `.o' files which will be in the DLL. A +`.o' file can contain information in special `.drectve' sections with +export information. + + _Note:_ `dlltool' is not always built as part of the binary + utilities, since it is only useful for those targets which support + DLLs. + + dlltool [`-d'|`--input-def' DEF-FILE-NAME] + [`-b'|`--base-file' BASE-FILE-NAME] + [`-e'|`--output-exp' EXPORTS-FILE-NAME] + [`-z'|`--output-def' DEF-FILE-NAME] + [`-l'|`--output-lib' LIBRARY-FILE-NAME] + [`-y'|`--output-delaylib' LIBRARY-FILE-NAME] + [`--export-all-symbols'] [`--no-export-all-symbols'] + [`--exclude-symbols' LIST] + [`--no-default-excludes'] + [`-S'|`--as' PATH-TO-ASSEMBLER] [`-f'|`--as-flags' OPTIONS] + [`-D'|`--dllname' NAME] [`-m'|`--machine' MACHINE] + [`-a'|`--add-indirect'] + [`-U'|`--add-underscore'] [`--add-stdcall-underscore'] + [`-k'|`--kill-at'] [`-A'|`--add-stdcall-alias'] + [`-p'|`--ext-prefix-alias' PREFIX] + [`-x'|`--no-idata4'] [`-c'|`--no-idata5'] + [`--use-nul-prefixed-import-tables'] + [`-I'|`--identify' LIBRARY-FILE-NAME] [`--identify-strict'] + [`-i'|`--interwork'] + [`-n'|`--nodelete'] [`-t'|`--temp-prefix' PREFIX] + [`-v'|`--verbose'] + [`-h'|`--help'] [`-V'|`--version'] + [object-file ...] + + `dlltool' reads its inputs, which can come from the `-d' and `-b' +options as well as object files specified on the command line. It then +processes these inputs and if the `-e' option has been specified it +creates a exports file. If the `-l' option has been specified it +creates a library file and if the `-z' option has been specified it +creates a def file. Any or all of the `-e', `-l' and `-z' options can +be present in one invocation of dlltool. + + When creating a DLL, along with the source for the DLL, it is +necessary to have three other files. `dlltool' can help with the +creation of these files. + + The first file is a `.def' file which specifies which functions are +exported from the DLL, which functions the DLL imports, and so on. This +is a text file and can be created by hand, or `dlltool' can be used to +create it using the `-z' option. In this case `dlltool' will scan the +object files specified on its command line looking for those functions +which have been specially marked as being exported and put entries for +them in the `.def' file it creates. + + In order to mark a function as being exported from a DLL, it needs to +have an `-export:<name_of_function>' entry in the `.drectve' section of +the object file. This can be done in C by using the asm() operator: + + asm (".section .drectve"); + asm (".ascii \"-export:my_func\""); + + int my_func (void) { ... } + + The second file needed for DLL creation is an exports file. This +file is linked with the object files that make up the body of the DLL +and it handles the interface between the DLL and the outside world. +This is a binary file and it can be created by giving the `-e' option to +`dlltool' when it is creating or reading in a `.def' file. + + The third file needed for DLL creation is the library file that +programs will link with in order to access the functions in the DLL (an +`import library'). This file can be created by giving the `-l' option +to dlltool when it is creating or reading in a `.def' file. + + If the `-y' option is specified, dlltool generates a delay-import +library that can be used instead of the normal import library to allow +a program to link to the dll only as soon as an imported function is +called for the first time. The resulting executable will need to be +linked to the static delayimp library containing __delayLoadHelper2(), +which in turn will import LoadLibraryA and GetProcAddress from kernel32. + + `dlltool' builds the library file by hand, but it builds the exports +file by creating temporary files containing assembler statements and +then assembling these. The `-S' command line option can be used to +specify the path to the assembler that dlltool will use, and the `-f' +option can be used to pass specific flags to that assembler. The `-n' +can be used to prevent dlltool from deleting these temporary assembler +files when it is done, and if `-n' is specified twice then this will +prevent dlltool from deleting the temporary object files it used to +build the library. + + Here is an example of creating a DLL from a source file `dll.c' and +also creating a program (from an object file called `program.o') that +uses that DLL: + + gcc -c dll.c + dlltool -e exports.o -l dll.lib dll.o + gcc dll.o exports.o -o dll.dll + gcc program.o dll.lib -o program + + `dlltool' may also be used to query an existing import library to +determine the name of the DLL to which it is associated. See the +description of the `-I' or `--identify' option. + + The command line options have the following meanings: + +`-d FILENAME' +`--input-def FILENAME' + Specifies the name of a `.def' file to be read in and processed. + +`-b FILENAME' +`--base-file FILENAME' + Specifies the name of a base file to be read in and processed. The + contents of this file will be added to the relocation section in + the exports file generated by dlltool. + +`-e FILENAME' +`--output-exp FILENAME' + Specifies the name of the export file to be created by dlltool. + +`-z FILENAME' +`--output-def FILENAME' + Specifies the name of the `.def' file to be created by dlltool. + +`-l FILENAME' +`--output-lib FILENAME' + Specifies the name of the library file to be created by dlltool. + +`-y FILENAME' +`--output-delaylib FILENAME' + Specifies the name of the delay-import library file to be created + by dlltool. + +`--export-all-symbols' + Treat all global and weak defined symbols found in the input object + files as symbols to be exported. There is a small list of symbols + which are not exported by default; see the `--no-default-excludes' + option. You may add to the list of symbols to not export by using + the `--exclude-symbols' option. + +`--no-export-all-symbols' + Only export symbols explicitly listed in an input `.def' file or in + `.drectve' sections in the input object files. This is the default + behaviour. The `.drectve' sections are created by `dllexport' + attributes in the source code. + +`--exclude-symbols LIST' + Do not export the symbols in LIST. This is a list of symbol names + separated by comma or colon characters. The symbol names should + not contain a leading underscore. This is only meaningful when + `--export-all-symbols' is used. + +`--no-default-excludes' + When `--export-all-symbols' is used, it will by default avoid + exporting certain special symbols. The current list of symbols to + avoid exporting is `DllMain@12', `DllEntryPoint@0', `impure_ptr'. + You may use the `--no-default-excludes' option to go ahead and + export these special symbols. This is only meaningful when + `--export-all-symbols' is used. + +`-S PATH' +`--as PATH' + Specifies the path, including the filename, of the assembler to be + used to create the exports file. + +`-f OPTIONS' +`--as-flags OPTIONS' + Specifies any specific command line options to be passed to the + assembler when building the exports file. This option will work + even if the `-S' option is not used. This option only takes one + argument, and if it occurs more than once on the command line, + then later occurrences will override earlier occurrences. So if + it is necessary to pass multiple options to the assembler they + should be enclosed in double quotes. + +`-D NAME' +`--dll-name NAME' + Specifies the name to be stored in the `.def' file as the name of + the DLL when the `-e' option is used. If this option is not + present, then the filename given to the `-e' option will be used + as the name of the DLL. + +`-m MACHINE' +`-machine MACHINE' + Specifies the type of machine for which the library file should be + built. `dlltool' has a built in default type, depending upon how + it was created, but this option can be used to override that. + This is normally only useful when creating DLLs for an ARM + processor, when the contents of the DLL are actually encode using + Thumb instructions. + +`-a' +`--add-indirect' + Specifies that when `dlltool' is creating the exports file it + should add a section which allows the exported functions to be + referenced without using the import library. Whatever the hell + that means! + +`-U' +`--add-underscore' + Specifies that when `dlltool' is creating the exports file it + should prepend an underscore to the names of _all_ exported + symbols. + +`--add-stdcall-underscore' + Specifies that when `dlltool' is creating the exports file it + should prepend an underscore to the names of exported _stdcall_ + functions. Variable names and non-stdcall function names are not + modified. This option is useful when creating GNU-compatible + import libs for third party DLLs that were built with MS-Windows + tools. + +`-k' +`--kill-at' + Specifies that when `dlltool' is creating the exports file it + should not append the string `@ <number>'. These numbers are + called ordinal numbers and they represent another way of accessing + the function in a DLL, other than by name. + +`-A' +`--add-stdcall-alias' + Specifies that when `dlltool' is creating the exports file it + should add aliases for stdcall symbols without `@ <number>' in + addition to the symbols with `@ <number>'. + +`-p' +`--ext-prefix-alias PREFIX' + Causes `dlltool' to create external aliases for all DLL imports + with the specified prefix. The aliases are created for both + external and import symbols with no leading underscore. + +`-x' +`--no-idata4' + Specifies that when `dlltool' is creating the exports and library + files it should omit the `.idata4' section. This is for + compatibility with certain operating systems. + +`--use-nul-prefixed-import-tables' + Specifies that when `dlltool' is creating the exports and library + files it should prefix the `.idata4' and `.idata5' by zero an + element. This emulates old gnu import library generation of + `dlltool'. By default this option is turned off. + +`-c' +`--no-idata5' + Specifies that when `dlltool' is creating the exports and library + files it should omit the `.idata5' section. This is for + compatibility with certain operating systems. + +`-I FILENAME' +`--identify FILENAME' + Specifies that `dlltool' should inspect the import library + indicated by FILENAME and report, on `stdout', the name(s) of the + associated DLL(s). This can be performed in addition to any other + operations indicated by the other options and arguments. + `dlltool' fails if the import library does not exist or is not + actually an import library. See also `--identify-strict'. + +`--identify-strict' + Modifies the behavior of the `--identify' option, such that an + error is reported if FILENAME is associated with more than one DLL. + +`-i' +`--interwork' + Specifies that `dlltool' should mark the objects in the library + file and exports file that it produces as supporting interworking + between ARM and Thumb code. + +`-n' +`--nodelete' + Makes `dlltool' preserve the temporary assembler files it used to + create the exports file. If this option is repeated then dlltool + will also preserve the temporary object files it uses to create + the library file. + +`-t PREFIX' +`--temp-prefix PREFIX' + Makes `dlltool' use PREFIX when constructing the names of + temporary assembler and object files. By default, the temp file + prefix is generated from the pid. + +`-v' +`--verbose' + Make dlltool describe what it is doing. + +`-h' +`--help' + Displays a list of command line options and then exits. + +`-V' +`--version' + Displays dlltool's version number and then exits. + + +* Menu: + +* def file format:: The format of the dlltool `.def' file + + +File: binutils.info, Node: def file format, Up: dlltool + +14.1 The format of the `dlltool' `.def' file +============================================ + +A `.def' file contains any number of the following commands: + +`NAME' NAME `[ ,' BASE `]' + The result is going to be named NAME`.exe'. + +`LIBRARY' NAME `[ ,' BASE `]' + The result is going to be named NAME`.dll'. + +`EXPORTS ( ( (' NAME1 `[ = ' NAME2 `] ) | ( ' NAME1 `=' MODULE-NAME `.' EXTERNAL-NAME `) )' + +`[' INTEGER `] [ NONAME ] [ CONSTANT ] [ DATA ] [ PRIVATE ] ) *' + Declares NAME1 as an exported symbol from the DLL, with optional + ordinal number INTEGER, or declares NAME1 as an alias (forward) of + the function EXTERNAL-NAME in the DLL MODULE-NAME. + +`IMPORTS ( (' INTERNAL-NAME `=' MODULE-NAME `.' INTEGER `) | [' INTERNAL-NAME `= ]' MODULE-NAME `.' EXTERNAL-NAME `) ) *' + Declares that EXTERNAL-NAME or the exported function whose ordinal + number is INTEGER is to be imported from the file MODULE-NAME. If + INTERNAL-NAME is specified then this is the name that the imported + function will be referred to in the body of the DLL. + +`DESCRIPTION' STRING + Puts STRING into the output `.exp' file in the `.rdata' section. + +`STACKSIZE' NUMBER-RESERVE `[, ' NUMBER-COMMIT `]' + +`HEAPSIZE' NUMBER-RESERVE `[, ' NUMBER-COMMIT `]' + Generates `--stack' or `--heap' NUMBER-RESERVE,NUMBER-COMMIT in + the output `.drectve' section. The linker will see this and act + upon it. + +`CODE' ATTR `+' + +`DATA' ATTR `+' + +`SECTIONS (' SECTION-NAME ATTR` + ) *' + Generates `--attr' SECTION-NAME ATTR in the output `.drectve' + section, where ATTR is one of `READ', `WRITE', `EXECUTE' or + `SHARED'. The linker will see this and act upon it. + + + +File: binutils.info, Node: readelf, Next: size, Prev: ranlib, Up: Top + +15 readelf +********** + + readelf [`-a'|`--all'] + [`-h'|`--file-header'] + [`-l'|`--program-headers'|`--segments'] + [`-S'|`--section-headers'|`--sections'] + [`-g'|`--section-groups'] + [`-t'|`--section-details'] + [`-e'|`--headers'] + [`-s'|`--syms'|`--symbols'] + [`-n'|`--notes'] + [`-r'|`--relocs'] + [`-u'|`--unwind'] + [`-d'|`--dynamic'] + [`-V'|`--version-info'] + [`-A'|`--arch-specific'] + [`-D'|`--use-dynamic'] + [`-x' <number or name>|`--hex-dump='<number or name>] + [`-p' <number or name>|`--string-dump='<number or name>] + [`-R' <number or name>|`--relocated-dump='<number or name>] + [`-c'|`--archive-index'] + [`-w[lLiaprmfFsoR]'| + `--debug-dump'[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges]] + [`-I'|`-histogram'] + [`-v'|`--version'] + [`-W'|`--wide'] + [`-H'|`--help'] + ELFFILE... + + `readelf' displays information about one or more ELF format object +files. The options control what particular information to display. + + ELFFILE... are the object files to be examined. 32-bit and 64-bit +ELF files are supported, as are archives containing ELF files. + + This program performs a similar function to `objdump' but it goes +into more detail and it exists independently of the BFD library, so if +there is a bug in BFD then readelf will not be affected. + + The long and short forms of options, shown here as alternatives, are +equivalent. At least one option besides `-v' or `-H' must be given. + +`-a' +`--all' + Equivalent to specifying `--file-header', `--program-headers', + `--sections', `--symbols', `--relocs', `--dynamic', `--notes' and + `--version-info'. + +`-h' +`--file-header' + Displays the information contained in the ELF header at the start + of the file. + +`-l' +`--program-headers' +`--segments' + Displays the information contained in the file's segment headers, + if it has any. + +`-S' +`--sections' +`--section-headers' + Displays the information contained in the file's section headers, + if it has any. + +`-g' +`--section-groups' + Displays the information contained in the file's section groups, + if it has any. + +`-t' +`--section-details' + Displays the detailed section information. Implies `-S'. + +`-s' +`--symbols' +`--syms' + Displays the entries in symbol table section of the file, if it + has one. + +`-e' +`--headers' + Display all the headers in the file. Equivalent to `-h -l -S'. + +`-n' +`--notes' + Displays the contents of the NOTE segments and/or sections, if any. + +`-r' +`--relocs' + Displays the contents of the file's relocation section, if it has + one. + +`-u' +`--unwind' + Displays the contents of the file's unwind section, if it has one. + Only the unwind sections for IA64 ELF files are currently + supported. + +`-d' +`--dynamic' + Displays the contents of the file's dynamic section, if it has one. + +`-V' +`--version-info' + Displays the contents of the version sections in the file, it they + exist. + +`-A' +`--arch-specific' + Displays architecture-specific information in the file, if there + is any. + +`-D' +`--use-dynamic' + When displaying symbols, this option makes `readelf' use the + symbol table in the file's dynamic section, rather than the one in + the symbols section. + +`-x <number or name>' +`--hex-dump=<number or name>' + Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal + bytes. A number identifies a particular section by index in the + section table; any other string identifies all sections with that + name in the object file. + +`-R <number or name>' +`--relocated-dump=<number or name>' + Displays the contents of the indicated section as a hexadecimal + bytes. A number identifies a particular section by index in the + section table; any other string identifies all sections with that + name in the object file. The contents of the section will be + relocated before they are displayed. + +`-p <number or name>' +`--string-dump=<number or name>' + Displays the contents of the indicated section as printable + strings. A number identifies a particular section by index in the + section table; any other string identifies all sections with that + name in the object file. + +`-c' +`--archive-index' + Displays the file symbol index infomation contained in the header + part of binary archives. Performs the same function as the `t' + command to `ar', but without using the BFD library. *Note ar::. + +`-w[lLiaprmfFsoR]' +`--debug-dump[=rawline,=decodedline,=info,=abbrev,=pubnames,=aranges,=macro,=frames,=frames-interp,=str,=loc,=Ranges]' + Displays the contents of the debug sections in the file, if any are + present. If one of the optional letters or words follows the + switch then only data found in those specific sections will be + dumped. + + Note: the `=decodedline' option will display the interpreted + contents of a .debug_line section whereas the `=rawline' option + dumps the contents in a raw format. + +`-I' +`--histogram' + Display a histogram of bucket list lengths when displaying the + contents of the symbol tables. + +`-v' +`--version' + Display the version number of readelf. + +`-W' +`--wide' + Don't break output lines to fit into 80 columns. By default + `readelf' breaks section header and segment listing lines for + 64-bit ELF files, so that they fit into 80 columns. This option + causes `readelf' to print each section header resp. each segment + one a single line, which is far more readable on terminals wider + than 80 columns. + +`-H' +`--help' + Display the command line options understood by `readelf'. + + + +File: binutils.info, Node: Common Options, Next: Selecting the Target System, Prev: dlltool, Up: Top + +16 Common Options +***************** + +The following command-line options are supported by all of the programs +described in this manual. + +`@FILE' + Read command-line options from FILE. The options read are + inserted in place of the original @FILE option. If FILE does not + exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated + literally, and not removed. + + Options in FILE are separated by whitespace. A whitespace + character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire + option in either single or double quotes. Any character + (including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character + to be included with a backslash. The FILE may itself contain + additional @FILE options; any such options will be processed + recursively. + +`--help' + Display the command-line options supported by the program. + +`--version' + Display the version number of the program. + + + +File: binutils.info, Node: Selecting the Target System, Next: Reporting Bugs, Prev: Common Options, Up: Top + +17 Selecting the Target System +****************************** + +You can specify two aspects of the target system to the GNU binary file +utilities, each in several ways: + + * the target + + * the architecture + + In the following summaries, the lists of ways to specify values are +in order of decreasing precedence. The ways listed first override those +listed later. + + The commands to list valid values only list the values for which the +programs you are running were configured. If they were configured with +`--enable-targets=all', the commands list most of the available values, +but a few are left out; not all targets can be configured in at once +because some of them can only be configured "native" (on hosts with the +same type as the target system). + +* Menu: + +* Target Selection:: +* Architecture Selection:: + + +File: binutils.info, Node: Target Selection, Next: Architecture Selection, Up: Selecting the Target System + +17.1 Target Selection +===================== + +A "target" is an object file format. A given target may be supported +for multiple architectures (*note Architecture Selection::). A target +selection may also have variations for different operating systems or +architectures. + + The command to list valid target values is `objdump -i' (the first +column of output contains the relevant information). + + Some sample values are: `a.out-hp300bsd', `ecoff-littlemips', +`a.out-sunos-big'. + + You can also specify a target using a configuration triplet. This is +the same sort of name that is passed to `configure' to specify a +target. When you use a configuration triplet as an argument, it must be +fully canonicalized. You can see the canonical version of a triplet by +running the shell script `config.sub' which is included with the +sources. + + Some sample configuration triplets are: `m68k-hp-bsd', +`mips-dec-ultrix', `sparc-sun-sunos'. + +`objdump' Target +---------------- + +Ways to specify: + + 1. command line option: `-b' or `--target' + + 2. environment variable `GNUTARGET' + + 3. deduced from the input file + +`objcopy' and `strip' Input Target +---------------------------------- + +Ways to specify: + + 1. command line options: `-I' or `--input-target', or `-F' or + `--target' + + 2. environment variable `GNUTARGET' + + 3. deduced from the input file + +`objcopy' and `strip' Output Target +----------------------------------- + +Ways to specify: + + 1. command line options: `-O' or `--output-target', or `-F' or + `--target' + + 2. the input target (see "`objcopy' and `strip' Input Target" above) + + 3. environment variable `GNUTARGET' + + 4. deduced from the input file + +`nm', `size', and `strings' Target +---------------------------------- + +Ways to specify: + + 1. command line option: `--target' + + 2. environment variable `GNUTARGET' + + 3. deduced from the input file + + +File: binutils.info, Node: Architecture Selection, Prev: Target Selection, Up: Selecting the Target System + +17.2 Architecture Selection +=========================== + +An "architecture" is a type of CPU on which an object file is to run. +Its name may contain a colon, separating the name of the processor +family from the name of the particular CPU. + + The command to list valid architecture values is `objdump -i' (the +second column contains the relevant information). + + Sample values: `m68k:68020', `mips:3000', `sparc'. + +`objdump' Architecture +---------------------- + +Ways to specify: + + 1. command line option: `-m' or `--architecture' + + 2. deduced from the input file + +`objcopy', `nm', `size', `strings' Architecture +----------------------------------------------- + +Ways to specify: + + 1. deduced from the input file + + +File: binutils.info, Node: Reporting Bugs, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Selecting the Target System, Up: Top + +18 Reporting Bugs +***************** + +Your bug reports play an essential role in making the binary utilities +reliable. + + Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, +or it may not. But in any case the principal function of a bug report +is to help the entire community by making the next version of the binary +utilities work better. Bug reports are your contribution to their +maintenance. + + In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the +information that enables us to fix the bug. + +* Menu: + +* Bug Criteria:: Have you found a bug? +* Bug Reporting:: How to report bugs + + +File: binutils.info, Node: Bug Criteria, Next: Bug Reporting, Up: Reporting Bugs + +18.1 Have You Found a Bug? +========================== + +If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some +guidelines: + + * If a binary utility gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, + that is a bug. Reliable utilities never crash. + + * If a binary utility produces an error message for valid input, + that is a bug. + + * If you are an experienced user of binary utilities, your + suggestions for improvement are welcome in any case. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: Bug Reporting, Prev: Bug Criteria, Up: Reporting Bugs + +18.2 How to Report Bugs +======================= + +A number of companies and individuals offer support for GNU products. +If you obtained the binary utilities from a support organization, we +recommend you contact that organization first. + + You can find contact information for many support companies and +individuals in the file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs distribution. + + In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for the +binary utilities to `http://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/'. + + The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this: +*report all the facts*. If you are not sure whether to state a fact or +leave it out, state it! + + Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the +problem and assume that some details do not matter. Thus, you might +assume that the name of a file you use in an example does not matter. +Well, probably it does not, but one cannot be sure. Perhaps the bug is +a stray memory reference which happens to fetch from the location where +that pathname is stored in memory; perhaps, if the pathname were +different, the contents of that location would fool the utility into +doing the right thing despite the bug. Play it safe and give a +specific, complete example. That is the easiest thing for you to do, +and the most helpful. + + Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix +the bug if it is new to us. Therefore, always write your bug reports +on the assumption that the bug has not been reported previously. + + Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, "Does this ring a +bell?" This cannot help us fix a bug, so it is basically useless. We +respond by asking for enough details to enable us to investigate. You +might as well expedite matters by sending them to begin with. + + To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things: + + * The version of the utility. Each utility announces it if you + start it with the `--version' argument. + + Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in + looking for the bug in the current version of the binary utilities. + + * Any patches you may have applied to the source, including any + patches made to the `BFD' library. + + * The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name + and version number. + + * What compiler (and its version) was used to compile the + utilities--e.g. "`gcc-2.7'". + + * The command arguments you gave the utility to observe the bug. To + guarantee you will not omit something important, list them all. A + copy of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient. + + If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess + wrong and then we might not encounter the bug. + + * A complete input file, or set of input files, that will reproduce + the bug. If the utility is reading an object file or files, then + it is generally most helpful to send the actual object files. + + If the source files were produced exclusively using GNU programs + (e.g., `gcc', `gas', and/or the GNU `ld'), then it may be OK to + send the source files rather than the object files. In this case, + be sure to say exactly what version of `gcc', or whatever, was + used to produce the object files. Also say how `gcc', or + whatever, was configured. + + * A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is + incorrect. For example, "It gets a fatal signal." + + Of course, if the bug is that the utility gets a fatal signal, + then we will certainly notice it. But if the bug is incorrect + output, we might not notice unless it is glaringly wrong. You + might as well not give us a chance to make a mistake. + + Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should + still say so explicitly. Suppose something strange is going on, + such as your copy of the utility is out of sync, or you have + encountered a bug in the C library on your system. (This has + happened!) Your copy might crash and ours would not. If you told + us to expect a crash, then when ours fails to crash, we would know + that the bug was not happening for us. If you had not told us to + expect a crash, then we would not be able to draw any conclusion + from our observations. + + * If you wish to suggest changes to the source, send us context + diffs, as generated by `diff' with the `-u', `-c', or `-p' option. + Always send diffs from the old file to the new file. If you wish + to discuss something in the `ld' source, refer to it by context, + not by line number. + + The line numbers in our development sources will not match those + in your sources. Your line numbers would convey no useful + information to us. + + Here are some things that are not necessary: + + * A description of the envelope of the bug. + + Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating + which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which + changes will not affect it. + + This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way + we will find the bug is by running a single example under the + debugger with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of + examples. We recommend that you save your time for something else. + + Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report _instead_ + of the original one, that is a convenience for us. Errors in the + output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take + less time, and so on. + + However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do + this, report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you + used. + + * A patch for the bug. + + A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one. But do not + omit the necessary information, such as the test case, on the + assumption that a patch is all we need. We might see problems + with your patch and decide to fix the problem another way, or we + might not understand it at all. + + Sometimes with programs as complicated as the binary utilities it + is very hard to construct an example that will make the program + follow a certain path through the code. If you do not send us the + example, we will not be able to construct one, so we will not be + able to verify that the bug is fixed. + + And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why + your patch should be an improvement, we will not install it. A + test case will help us to understand. + + * A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on. + + Such guesses are usually wrong. Even we cannot guess right about + such things without first using the debugger to find the facts. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Binutils Index, Prev: Reporting Bugs, Up: Top + +Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License +***************************************** + + Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 + + Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + `http://fsf.org/' + + Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies + of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. + + 0. PREAMBLE + + The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other + functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to + assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, + with or without modifying it, either commercially or + noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the + author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not + being considered responsible for modifications made by others. + + This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative + works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. + It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft + license designed for free software. + + We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for + free software, because free software needs free documentation: a + free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms + that the software does. But this License is not limited to + software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless + of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. + We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is + instruction or reference. + + 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS + + This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, + that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it + can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice + grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, + to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The + "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member + of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You + accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a + way requiring permission under copyright law. + + A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the + Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with + modifications and/or translated into another language. + + A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section + of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the + publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall + subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could + fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document + is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not + explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of + historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or + of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position + regarding them. + + The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose + titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in + the notice that says that the Document is released under this + License. If a section does not fit the above definition of + Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. + The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document + does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none. + + The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are + listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice + that says that the Document is released under this License. A + Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may + be at most 25 words. + + A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, + represented in a format whose specification is available to the + general public, that is suitable for revising the document + straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images + composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some + widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to + text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of + formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an + otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of + markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent + modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is + not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A + copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". + + Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain + ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, + SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and + standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for + human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include + PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that + can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or + XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally + available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF + produced by some word processors for output purposes only. + + The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, + plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the + material this License requires to appear in the title page. For + works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title + Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the + work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. + + The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies + of the Document to the public. + + A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document + whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses + following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ + stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as + "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) + To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the + Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according + to this definition. + + The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice + which states that this License applies to the Document. These + Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in + this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other + implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and + has no effect on the meaning of this License. + + 2. VERBATIM COPYING + + You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either + commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the + copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License + applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you + add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You + may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading + or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, + you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you + distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow + the conditions in section 3. + + You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, + and you may publicly display copies. + + 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY + + If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly + have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and + the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must + enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all + these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and + Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly + and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The + front cover must present the full title with all words of the + title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material + on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the + covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and + satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in + other respects. + + If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit + legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit + reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto + adjacent pages. + + If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document + numbering more than 100, you must either include a + machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or + state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from + which the general network-using public has access to download + using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent + copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the + latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you + begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that + this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated + location until at least one year after the last time you + distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or + retailers) of that edition to the public. + + It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of + the Document well before redistributing any large number of + copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated + version of the Document. + + 4. MODIFICATIONS + + You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document + under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you + release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with + the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus + licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to + whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these + things in the Modified Version: + + A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title + distinct from that of the Document, and from those of + previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed + in the History section of the Document). You may use the + same title as a previous version if the original publisher of + that version gives permission. + + B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or + entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in + the Modified Version, together with at least five of the + principal authors of the Document (all of its principal + authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you + from this requirement. + + C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the + Modified Version, as the publisher. + + D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. + + E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications + adjacent to the other copyright notices. + + F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license + notice giving the public permission to use the Modified + Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in + the Addendum below. + + G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant + Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's + license notice. + + H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. + + I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, + and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new + authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on + the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in + the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, + and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, + then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in + the previous sentence. + + J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document + for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and + likewise the network locations given in the Document for + previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in + the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a + work that was published at least four years before the + Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version + it refers to gives permission. + + K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", + Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the + section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor + acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. + + L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, + unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers + or the equivalent are not considered part of the section + titles. + + M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section + may not be included in the Modified Version. + + N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled + "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant + Section. + + O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. + + If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or + appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no + material copied from the Document, you may at your option + designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, + add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified + Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any + other section titles. + + You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains + nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various + parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text + has been approved by an organization as the authoritative + definition of a standard. + + You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, + and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end + of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one + passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be + added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the + Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, + previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity + you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may + replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous + publisher that added the old one. + + The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this + License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to + assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. + + 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS + + You may combine the Document with other documents released under + this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for + modified versions, provided that you include in the combination + all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, + unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your + combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all + their Warranty Disclaimers. + + The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and + multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single + copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name + but different contents, make the title of each such section unique + by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the + original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a + unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in + the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the + combined work. + + In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled + "History" in the various original documents, forming one section + Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled + "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You + must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements." + + 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS + + You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other + documents released under this License, and replace the individual + copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy + that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the + rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the + documents in all other respects. + + You may extract a single document from such a collection, and + distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert + a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow + this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of + that document. + + 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS + + A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other + separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of + a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the + copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the + legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual + works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this + License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which + are not themselves derivative works of the Document. + + If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these + copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half + of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed + on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the + electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic + form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket + the whole aggregate. + + 8. TRANSLATION + + Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may + distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section + 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special + permission from their copyright holders, but you may include + translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the + original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a + translation of this License, and all the license notices in the + Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also + include the original English version of this License and the + original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a + disagreement between the translation and the original version of + this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will + prevail. + + If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", + "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to + Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the + actual title. + + 9. TERMINATION + + You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document + except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt + otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, + and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. + + However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your + license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) + provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly + and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the + copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some + reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation. + + Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is + reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the + violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have + received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from + that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days + after your receipt of the notice. + + Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate + the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from + you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and + not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of + the same material does not give you any rights to use it. + + 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE + + The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of + the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new + versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may + differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See + `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. + + Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version + number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered + version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you + have the option of following the terms and conditions either of + that specified version or of any later version that has been + published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If + the Document does not specify a version number of this License, + you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the + Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy + can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that + proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently + authorizes you to choose that version for the Document. + + 11. RELICENSING + + "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any + World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also + provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A + public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. + A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the + site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC + site. + + "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 + license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit + corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, + California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license + published by that same organization. + + "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or + in part, as part of another Document. + + An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this + License, and if all works that were first published under this + License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently + incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover + texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior + to November 1, 2008. + + The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the + site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, + 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. + + +ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents +==================================================== + +To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of +the License in the document and put the following copyright and license +notices just after the title page: + + Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document + under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 + or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; + with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover + Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU + Free Documentation License''. + + If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover +Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: + + with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with + the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts + being LIST. + + If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other +combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the +situation. + + If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we +recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of +free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to +permit their use in free software. + + +File: binutils.info, Node: Binutils Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top + +Binutils Index +************** + + +* Menu: + +* .stab: objdump. (line 370) +* Add prefix to absolute paths: objdump. (line 341) +* addr2line: addr2line. (line 6) +* address to file name and line number: addr2line. (line 6) +* all header information, object file: objdump. (line 489) +* ar: ar. (line 6) +* ar compatibility: ar. (line 50) +* architecture: objdump. (line 195) +* architectures available: objdump. (line 180) +* archive contents: ranlib. (line 6) +* Archive file symbol index information: readelf. (line 147) +* archive headers: objdump. (line 65) +* archives: ar. (line 6) +* base files: dlltool. (line 123) +* bug criteria: Bug Criteria. (line 6) +* bug reports: Bug Reporting. (line 6) +* bugs: Reporting Bugs. (line 6) +* bugs, reporting: Bug Reporting. (line 6) +* c++filt: c++filt. (line 6) +* changing object addresses: objcopy. (line 282) +* changing section address: objcopy. (line 292) +* changing section LMA: objcopy. (line 300) +* changing section VMA: objcopy. (line 313) +* changing start address: objcopy. (line 277) +* collections of files: ar. (line 6) +* compatibility, ar: ar. (line 50) +* contents of archive: ar cmdline. (line 88) +* crash: Bug Criteria. (line 9) +* creating archives: ar cmdline. (line 129) +* creating thin archive: ar cmdline. (line 190) +* cxxfilt: c++filt. (line 14) +* dates in archive: ar cmdline. (line 164) +* debug symbols: objdump. (line 370) +* debugging symbols: nm. (line 141) +* deleting from archive: ar cmdline. (line 26) +* demangling C++ symbols: c++filt. (line 6) +* demangling in nm: nm. (line 149) +* demangling in objdump <1>: addr2line. (line 55) +* demangling in objdump: objdump. (line 93) +* deterministic archives: ar cmdline. (line 135) +* disassembling object code: objdump. (line 115) +* disassembly architecture: objdump. (line 195) +* disassembly endianness: objdump. (line 135) +* disassembly, with source: objdump. (line 337) +* discarding symbols: strip. (line 6) +* DLL: dlltool. (line 6) +* dlltool: dlltool. (line 6) +* DWARF: objdump. (line 363) +* dynamic relocation entries, in object file: objdump. (line 325) +* dynamic symbol table entries, printing: objdump. (line 473) +* dynamic symbols: nm. (line 161) +* ELF dynamic section information: readelf. (line 105) +* ELF file header information: readelf. (line 54) +* ELF file information: readelf. (line 6) +* ELF notes: readelf. (line 90) +* ELF object file format: objdump. (line 370) +* ELF program header information: readelf. (line 60) +* ELF reloc information: readelf. (line 94) +* ELF section group information: readelf. (line 71) +* ELF section information: readelf. (line 66) +* ELF segment information: readelf. (line 60) +* ELF symbol table information: readelf. (line 81) +* ELF version sections informations: readelf. (line 109) +* endianness: objdump. (line 135) +* error on valid input: Bug Criteria. (line 12) +* external symbols: nm. (line 253) +* extract from archive: ar cmdline. (line 103) +* fatal signal: Bug Criteria. (line 9) +* file name: nm. (line 135) +* header information, all: objdump. (line 489) +* input .def file: dlltool. (line 119) +* input file name: nm. (line 135) +* Instruction width: objdump. (line 358) +* libraries: ar. (line 25) +* listings strings: strings. (line 6) +* load plugin: nm. (line 176) +* machine instructions: objdump. (line 115) +* moving in archive: ar cmdline. (line 34) +* MRI compatibility, ar: ar scripts. (line 8) +* name duplication in archive: ar cmdline. (line 97) +* name length: ar. (line 18) +* nm: nm. (line 6) +* nm compatibility: nm. (line 167) +* nm format: nm. (line 145) +* not writing archive index: ar cmdline. (line 183) +* objdump: objdump. (line 6) +* object code format <1>: addr2line. (line 50) +* object code format <2>: strings. (line 67) +* object code format <3>: objdump. (line 79) +* object code format <4>: size. (line 84) +* object code format: nm. (line 244) +* object file header: objdump. (line 141) +* object file information: objdump. (line 6) +* object file offsets: objdump. (line 146) +* object file sections: objdump. (line 332) +* object formats available: objdump. (line 180) +* operations on archive: ar cmdline. (line 22) +* printing from archive: ar cmdline. (line 46) +* printing strings: strings. (line 6) +* quick append to archive: ar cmdline. (line 54) +* radix for section sizes: size. (line 66) +* ranlib: ranlib. (line 6) +* readelf: readelf. (line 6) +* relative placement in archive: ar cmdline. (line 117) +* relocation entries, in object file: objdump. (line 319) +* removing symbols: strip. (line 6) +* repeated names in archive: ar cmdline. (line 97) +* replacement in archive: ar cmdline. (line 70) +* reporting bugs: Reporting Bugs. (line 6) +* scripts, ar: ar scripts. (line 8) +* section addresses in objdump: objdump. (line 71) +* section headers: objdump. (line 162) +* section information: objdump. (line 185) +* section sizes: size. (line 6) +* sections, full contents: objdump. (line 332) +* size: size. (line 6) +* size display format: size. (line 27) +* size number format: size. (line 66) +* sorting symbols: nm. (line 197) +* source code context: objdump. (line 155) +* source disassembly: objdump. (line 337) +* source file name: nm. (line 135) +* source filenames for object files: objdump. (line 189) +* stab: objdump. (line 370) +* start-address: objdump. (line 380) +* stop-address: objdump. (line 384) +* strings: strings. (line 6) +* strings, printing: strings. (line 6) +* strip: strip. (line 6) +* Strip absolute paths: objdump. (line 344) +* symbol index <1>: ranlib. (line 6) +* symbol index: ar. (line 28) +* symbol index, listing: nm. (line 214) +* symbol line numbers: nm. (line 182) +* symbol table entries, printing: objdump. (line 389) +* symbols: nm. (line 6) +* symbols, discarding: strip. (line 6) +* thin archives: ar. (line 40) +* undefined symbols: nm. (line 249) +* Unix compatibility, ar: ar cmdline. (line 8) +* unwind information: readelf. (line 99) +* updating an archive: ar cmdline. (line 195) +* version: Top. (line 6) +* VMA in objdump: objdump. (line 71) +* wide output, printing: objdump. (line 495) +* writing archive index: ar cmdline. (line 177) + + + +Tag Table: +Node: Top1929 +Node: ar3572 +Node: ar cmdline6377 +Node: ar scripts15420 +Node: nm21108 +Node: objcopy30582 +Node: objdump58823 +Node: ranlib79295 +Node: size80116 +Node: strings83121 +Node: strip85579 +Node: c++filt91530 +Ref: c++filt-Footnote-196375 +Node: addr2line96481 +Node: nlmconv99752 +Node: windmc102358 +Node: windres106005 +Node: dlltool112032 +Node: def file format124716 +Node: readelf126454 +Node: Common Options132460 +Node: Selecting the Target System133500 +Node: Target Selection134432 +Node: Architecture Selection136414 +Node: Reporting Bugs137242 +Node: Bug Criteria138021 +Node: Bug Reporting138574 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License145444 +Node: Binutils Index170623 + +End Tag Table |