vm: never abort on caught syntax error

Keep track of C++ `TryCatch` state to avoid aborting when
an exception is thrown inside one, and re-throw in JS
to make sure the exception is being picked up a second time by
a second uncaught exception handler, if necessary.

Add a bit of a hack to `AppendExceptionLine` to avoid overriding
the line responsible for re-throwing the exception.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/17394
Fixes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/13258


Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>