src: fix --abort-on-uncaught-exception

Revert 0af4c9ea, parts of
921f2de6 and port
https://github.com/nodejs/node-v0.x-archive/pull/25835 from v0.12 to
master so that node aborts at the right time when an error is thrown
and --abort-on-uncaught-exception is used.

Fixes #3035.

PR: #3036
PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/3036


Reviewed-By: Ben Noordhuis <ben@strongloop.com>