process: migrate methods to throw errors with code

Migrate some methods from node.cc to JS in order to properly throw
errors with codes.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/19973


Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>