* Test out Python 3.11 migration

* Clean up a bit

* Remove todo

* Test workaround

* Fix potential bug uncovered in 3.11

* Try to fix it more

* last ditch fix

* Revert. Tp-traverse isn't the problem

* Test workaround

* Try this hack

* Revert MRO changes

* Use f_back properly

* Qualify auto

* Update include/pybind11/pybind11.h

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* Simplify code slightly

* Ensure co_varnames decref if dict_getitem throws

* Eager decref f_code

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* Use sysconfig in Python >= 3.10

Rely on sysconfig for installation paths for Python >= 3.10. distutils
has been deprecated and will be removed.

Fixes: #3677

* Explicitly select the posix_prefix scheme for platinclude on Debian

Debian's default scheme is posix_local, for installing locally-built
packages to /usr/local/.  We want to find the Python headers in /usr/,
so search posix_prefix.

* chore: minor fixes for newer PyPys

* ci: fix issue with PyPy

updates:
- [github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks: v1.1.12 → v1.1.13](https://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks/compare/v1.1.12...v1.1.13)
- [github.com/hadialqattan/pycln: v1.2.0 → v1.2.4](https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln/compare/v1.2.0...v1.2.4

)

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* cast: Qualify symbol usage in PYBIND11_TYPE_CASTER

Permits using macro outside of pybind11::detail

* fixup! review

* Add bytearray to string cast, testcase and rename load_bytes to load_raw

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* New bytearray test case and convert failure to pybind11_fail

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Fix merge comments

* Actually fix merge comments

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

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* Assert early if AsString fails

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* [pre-commit.ci] pre-commit autoupdate

updates:
- [github.com/hadialqattan/pycln: v1.1.0 → v1.2.0](https://github.com/hadialqattan/pycln/compare/v1.1.0...v1.2.0)
- [github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format: v13.0.0 → v13.0.1](https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-clang-format/compare/v13.0.0...v13.0.1

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* Update .pre-commit-config.yaml

* ci: specify which windows image to use

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* Clear local internals after finalizing interpreter

* Add descriptive comments

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* Clear Python error state if pybind11::weakref() fails.

The weakref() constructor calls pybind11_fail() without clearing any
Python interpreter error state. If a client catches the C++ exception
thrown by pybind11_fail(), the Python interpreter will be left in an
error state.

* Add test case for failing to create weakref

* Add Debug asserts for pybind11 fail

* Make error handling more pythonic

* Does this fix PyPy?

* Adapt test to PyPy differences

* Simplify test to remove redundancy

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* Removing C++20 condition for MSVC is_template_base_of decltype workaround.

* `-DDOWNLOAD_EIGEN=ON` for MSVC 2022 C++20

* `-DDOWNLOAD_EIGEN=ON` for MSVC 2019 C++20

* `-DPYBIND11_WERROR=OFF` for MSVC C++20 (2019, 2020)

* Restoring `defined(PYBIND11_CPP20)` in common.h

* pragma warning(disable : 5054) in eigen.h

* Reverting `-DPYBIND11_WERROR=OFF` changes.

* fix: add pylint and fix issue

* chore: add pylint to pre-commit

* fix: local variable warning surfaced mistake in intree

updates:
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* Changing `_MSC_VER` guard to `< 1910` (dropping MSVC 2015).

* Removing MSVC 2015 from ci.yml, and .appveyor.yml entirely.

* Bringing back .appveyor.yml from master.

* appveyor Visual Studio 2017

* 1st manual pass, builds & tests with unix_clang, before pre-commit.

* After clang-format (via pre-commit).

* Manual pass looking for "2015", builds & tests with unix_clang, before pre-commit.

* Backtracking for include/pybind11 changes in previous commit.

git checkout d07865846c7d31dd61111e6df801864327b65070 include/pybind11/attr.h include/pybind11/detail/common.h include/pybind11/functional.h

--------------------

CI #4160 errors observed:

https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3722/commits/2a26873727214c5f1e159cba98f5c625b908381a
https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/runs/5168332130?check_suite_focus=true

$ grep ' error C' *.txt | sed 's/2022-02-12[^ ]*//' | sed 's/^[0-9][0-9]*//' | sed 's/^.*\.txt: //' | sort | uniqD:\a\pybind11\pybind11\include\p...

* Trying another way of adding windows-2022 C++20

* ci: try merging 2019 & 2022

* Revert "ci: try merging 2019 & 2022"

This reverts commit b158a1b79f69a43478dce5b89702858ad5952386.

Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

* chore: drop Python 3.5 support

* chore: more fstrings with flynt's help

* ci: drop Python 3.5

* chore: bump dependency versions

* docs: touch up py::args

* tests: remove deprecation warning

* Ban smartquotes

* Very minor tweaks (by-product of reviewing PR #3719).

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* `#error BYE_BYE_GOLDEN_SNAKE`

* Removing everything related to 2.7 from ci.yml

* Commenting-out Centos7

* Removing `PYTHON: 27` from .appveyor.yml

* "PY2" removal, mainly from tests. C++ code is not touched.

* Systematic removal of `u` prefix from `u"..."` and `u'...'` literals. Collateral cleanup of a couple minor other things.

* Cleaning up around case-insensitive hits for `[^a-z]py.*2` in tests/.

* Removing obsolete Python 2 mention in compiling.rst

* Proper `#error` for Python 2.

* Using PY_VERSION_HEX to guard `#error "PYTHON 2 IS NO LONGER SUPPORTED.`

* chore: bump pre-commit

* style: run pre-commit for pyupgrade 3+

* tests: use sys.version_info, not PY

* chore: more Python 2 removal

* Uncommenting Centos7 block (PR #3691 showed that it is working again).

* Update pre-commit hooks

* Fix pre-commit hook

* refactor: remove Python 2 from CMake

* refactor: remove Python 2...

* chore: add clang-format

* Removing check-style (Classic check-style)

Ported from @henryiii's https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3683/commits/53056b1b0eeb4136b0d7362a8261b6b59658e0a7



* Automatic clang-format changes (NO manual changes).

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* Manual line breaks to pre-empt undesired `clang-format`ing.

Informed by work under https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3683:

https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/60b7eb410fefe2b23aeb6906f2a9184e91b11a15

https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/commit/59572e65598b4b9f2c9ae0b8a0e5fcb6d65c7f92

* Manual curation of clang-format diffs involving source code comments.

Very labor-intensive and dull.

* Pulling .clang-format change from @henryiii's https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3683/commits/9057962d40ca520b9d26abbe0ff125796e2323dd



* Adding commonly used .clang-format `CommentPragmas:`

* Ensure short lambdas are allowed

Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <skylion.aaron@gmail.com>

chore(clang-tidy): Add clang-tidy rules: prefer-member-initializer and optin.performance.Padding (#3716)

* Add clang-tidy prefer-member-initializer

* Fix clang-tdy config

* Fix incorrect change

* Fix sorting of .clang-tidy

* Enable static downcast check

* Add inconsistent declaration naming check

* Adding readability-qualified-auto to .clang-tidy

Ported from @henryiii's https://github.com/pybind/pybind11/pull/3683/commits/287527f705c8badee8ba9f6278d691fe0450ae43



* fix: support Python < 3.6

Co-authored-by: Henry Schreiner <henryschreineriii@gmail.com>

Co-authored-by: Aaron Gokaslan <skylion.aaron@gmail.com>

clang-tidy automatic changes. NO manual changes.

Informed by experiments under PR #3698.

* chore: minor odd py version cleanup

* Update include/pybind11/pybind11.h

* fix: always make __index__ available

* Download catch for MinGw

* Fix rest of MinGW

* fix: update catch to 2.13.5 to fix glibc 2.34 failures

Update the downloaded Catch version to 2.13.5, in order to fix build
failure on glibc 2.34:

```
In file included from /usr/include/signal.h:328,
                 from /tmp/pybind11/.nox/tests-3-9/tmp/tests/catch/catch.hpp:8030,
                 from /tmp/pybind11/tests/test_embed/catch.cpp:13:
/tmp/pybind11/.nox/tests-3-9/tmp/tests/catch/catch.hpp:10818:58: error: call to non-‘constexpr’ function ‘long int sysconf(int)’
10818 |     static constexpr std::size_t sigStackSize = 32768 >= MINSIGSTKSZ ? 32768 : MINSIGSTKSZ;
      |                                                          ^~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from /usr/include/python3.9/Python.h:36,
                 from /tmp/pybind11/include/pybind11/detail/common.h:215,
                 from /tmp/pybind11/include/pybind11/pytypes.h:12,
                 from /tmp/pybind11/include/pybind11/cast.h:13,
                 from /tmp/pybind11/include/pybind11/attr.h:13,
                 from /tmp/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h:13,
                 from /tmp/pybind11/include/pybind11/embed.h:12,
                 from /tmp/pybind11/tests/test_embed/catch.cpp:4:
/usr/include/unistd.h:640:17: note: ‘long int sysconf(int)’ declared here
  640 | extern long int sysconf (int __name) __THROW;
      |                 ^~~~~~~
In file included from /tmp/pybind11/tests/test_embed/catch.cpp:13:
/tmp/pybind11/.nox/tests-3-9/tmp/tests/catch/catch.hpp:10877:45: error: size of array ‘altStackMem’ is not an integral constant-expression
10877 |     char FatalConditionHandler::altStackMem[sigStackSize] = {};
      |                                             ^~~~~~~~~~~~
```

The newest Catch version cannot be used yet because of regression:
https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/pull/2364



* fix: add option for _ check, only define on pybind11

* Revert "fix: add option for _ check, only define on pybind11"

This reverts commit 86817db488c547816e21e20d678db318bb286384.

* fix: only undef _ for catch cpp creation.

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* test: Strip whitespace when comparing numpy dtypes for 1.22 compat

Strip whitespace when comparing numpy dtype str() in order to preserve
test compatibility with both numpy 1.22 and older versions whose output
differ by whitespace.

Fixes #3680

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