[libc++] LWG3672: `common_iterator::operator->()` should return by value (#87899)

## Abstract

This pull request implements LWG3672: `common_iterator::operator->()`
should return by value. The current implementation specifies that this
function should return the underlying pointer by reference (`T*
const&`), but it would be more intuitive to return it by value (`T*`).

## Reference

- [Draft C++ Standard:
[common.iter.access]](https://eel.is/c++draft/common.iter.access)
- [LWG3672](https://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/issue3672)