[lldb] Refactor command option enum values (NFC)

Refactor the command option enum values and the command argument table
to connect the two. This has two benefits:

 - We guarantee that two options that use the same argument type have
   the same accepted values.
 - We can print the enum values and their description in the help
   output. (D129707)

Differential revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D129703