[libc++] P3029R1: Better `mdspan`'s CTAD (#87873)

## Abstract

This pull request implements [P3029R1](https://wg21.link/P3029R1). The
paper discusses the current behavior of `mdspan`'s most common
pointer-indices CTAD, where the `Extents` template parameter is deduced
as `dextents` (dynamic extents), even when passing compile-time constant
values. The author believes this behavior is suboptimal, as it doesn't
take advantage of the compile-time information. The proposed change
suggests deducing static extents if `integral_constant`-like constants
are passed, resulting in more intuitive syntax and less error-prone
code.

## Reference

- [P3029R1](https://wg21.link/P3029R1)
- [Draft C++ Standard: [span.syn]](https://eel.is/c++draft/span.syn)
- [Draft C++ Standard: [mdspan.syn]](https://eel.is/c++draft/mdspan.syn)