[libc++][CI] Reenables clang-tidy. (#90077)

The patch does several things:
- fixes module exports
- disables clang-tidy with Clang-17 due to known issues
- disabled clang-tidy on older libstdc++ versions since it lacks C++20
features used
- fixes the CMake dependency

The issue why clang-tidy was not used in the CI was the last issue; the
plugin was not a
dependency of the tests. Without a plugin the tests disable clang-tidy.

This was noticed while investigating
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/89898