[mlir][Pass] Move PassExecutionAction to Pass.h, NFC. (#74850)

This patch moves PassExecutionAction to Pass.h so that it can be used by
the action framework to introspect and intercede in pass managers that
might be set up opaquely. This provides for a very particular use case,
which essentially involves being able to intercede in a PassManager and
skip or apply individual passes. Because of this, this patch also adds a
test for this use case to verify that it could in fact work.