[DebugInfo][RemoveDIs] Final cleanup for enabling non-instr-debuginfo (#74497)

Some final errors have turned up when doing stage2clang builds:
* We can insert before end(), which won't have an attached DPMarker,
thus we can have a nullptr DPMarker in Instruction::insertBefore. Add a
null check there.
* We need to use the iterator-returning form of getFirstNonPHI to ensure
we don't insert any PHIs behind debug-info at the start of a block.