[lldb] Implement coalescing of disjoint progress events (#84854)

This implements coalescing of progress events using a timeout, as
discussed in the RFC on Discourse [1]. This PR consists of two commits
which, depending on the feedback, I may split up into two PRs. For now,
I think it's easier to review this as a whole.

1. The first commit introduces a new generic `Alarm` class. The class
lets you to schedule a function (callback) to be executed after a given
timeout expires. You can cancel and reset a callback before its
corresponding timeout expires. It achieves this with the help of a
worker thread that sleeps until the next timeout expires. The only
guarantee it provides is that your function is called no sooner than the
requested timeout. Because the callback is called directly from the
worker thread, a long running callback could potentially block the
worker thread. I intentionally kept the implementation as simple as
possible while addressing the needs for the `ProgressManager` use case.
If we want...