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Network Working Group J. Alakuijala
Internet-Draft Z. Szabadka
Intended Status: Informational Google, Inc
Expires: April 6, 2016 October 2015
Brotli Compressed Data Format
draft-alakuijala-brotli-07
Abstract
This specification defines a lossless compressed data format that
compresses data using a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman
coding, with efficiency comparable to the best currently available
general-purpose compression methods.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on April 6, 2016.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Intended audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4. Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used . . . . . . . . 4
1.5.1. Packing into bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Compressed representation overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Compressed representation of prefix codes . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1. Introduction to prefix coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2. Use of prefix coding in the brotli format . . . . . . . . 10
3.3. Alphabet sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4. Simple prefix codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5. Complex prefix codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. Encoding of distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5. Encoding of literal insertion lengths and copy lengths . . . . 18
6. Encoding of block switch commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7. Context modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.1. Context modes and context ID lookup for literals . . . . 21
7.2. Context ID for distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.3. Encoding of the context map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8. Static dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
9. Compressed data format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9.1. Format of the stream header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.2. Format of the meta-block header . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
9.3. Format of the meta-block data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
10. Decoding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
12. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
13. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
14. Source code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
15. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Appendix A. Static dictionary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Appendix B. List of word transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
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1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose
The purpose of this specification is to define a lossless compressed
data format that:
* Is independent of CPU type, operating system, file system,
and character set, and hence can be used for interchange;
* Can be produced or consumed, even for an arbitrarily long
sequentially presented input data stream, using only an a
priori bounded amount of intermediate storage, and hence
can be used in data communications or similar structures,
such as Unix filters;
* Compresses data with a compression ratio comparable to the
best currently available general-purpose compression methods,
and in particular, considerably better than the gzip program;
* Decompresses much faster than current LZMA implementations.
The data format defined by this specification does not attempt to:
* Allow random access to compressed data;
* Compress specialized data (e.g., raster graphics) as well
as the best currently available specialized algorithms.
1.2. Intended audience
This specification is intended for use by software implementers to
compress data into and/or decompress data from the brotli format.
The text of the specification assumes a basic background in
programming at the level of bits and other primitive data
representations. Familiarity with the technique of Huffman coding is
helpful but not required.
This specification uses heavily the notations and terminology
introduced in the DEFLATE format specification [RFC 1951]. For the
sake of completeness, we always include the whole text of the
relevant parts of RFC 1951, therefore familiarity with the DEFLATE
format is helpful but not required.
The compressed data format defined in this specification is an
integral part of the WOFF 2.0 web font file format [WOFF2], therefore
this specification is also intended for implementers of WOFF 2.0
compressors and decompressors.
1.3. Scope
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The specification specifies a method for representing a sequence of
bytes as a (usually shorter) sequence of bits, and a method for
packing the latter bit sequence into bytes.
1.4. Compliance
Unless otherwise indicated below, a compliant decompressor must be
able to accept and decompress any data set that conforms to all the
specifications presented here. A compliant compressor must produce
data sets that conform to all the specifications presented here.
1.5. Definitions of terms and conventions used
Byte: 8 bits stored or transmitted as a unit (same as an octet). For
this specification, a byte is exactly 8 bits, even on machines that
store a character on a number of bits different from eight. See
below for the numbering of bits within a byte.
String: a sequence of arbitrary bytes.
Bytes stored within a computer do not have a "bit order", since they
are always treated as a unit. However, a byte considered as an
integer between 0 and 255 does have a most- and least-significant
bit, and since we write numbers with the most-significant digit on
the left, we also write bytes with the most-significant bit on the
left. In the diagrams below, we number the bits of a byte so that bit
0 is the least-significant bit, i.e., the bits are numbered:
+--------+
|76543210|
+--------+
Within a computer, a number may occupy multiple bytes. All multi-byte
numbers in the format described here are stored with the least-
significant byte first (at the lower memory address). For example,
the decimal number 520 is stored as:
0 1
+--------+--------+
|00001000|00000010|
+--------+--------+
^ ^
| |
| + more significant byte = 2 x 256
+ less significant byte = 8
1.5.1. Packing into bytes
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This document does not address the issue of the order in which bits
of a byte are transmitted on a bit-sequential medium, since the final
data format described here is byte- rather than bit-oriented.
However, we describe the compressed block format below as a sequence
of data elements of various bit lengths, not a sequence of bytes. We
must therefore specify how to pack these data elements into bytes to
form the final compressed byte sequence:
* Data elements are packed into bytes in order of
increasing bit number within the byte, i.e., starting
with the least-significant bit of the byte.
* Data elements other than prefix codes are packed
starting with the least-significant bit of the data
element. These are referred to here as integer values
and are considered unsigned.
* Prefix codes are packed starting with the most-significant
bit of the code.
In other words, if one were to print out the compressed data as a
sequence of bytes, starting with the first byte at the *right* margin
and proceeding to the *left*, with the most-significant bit of each
byte on the left as usual, one would be able to parse the result from
right to left, with fixed-width elements in the correct MSB-to-LSB
order and prefix codes in bit-reversed order (i.e., with the first
bit of the code in the relative LSB position).
2. Compressed representation overview
A compressed data set consists of a header and a series of meta-
blocks. Each meta-block decompresses to a sequence of 0 to 16,777,216
(16 MiB) uncompressed bytes. The final uncompressed data is the
concatenation of the uncompressed sequences from each meta-block.
The header contains the size of the sliding window that was used
during compression. The decompressor must retain at least that
amount of uncompressed data prior to the current position in the
stream, in order to be able to decompress what follows. The sliding
window size is a power of two, minus 16, where the power is in the
range of 10 to 24. The possible sliding window sizes range from 1 KiB
- 16 B to 16 MiB - 16 B.
Each meta-block is compressed using a combination of the LZ77
algorithm (Lempel-Ziv 1977, [LZ77]) and Huffman coding. The result of
Huffman coding is referred to here as a prefix code. The prefix
codes for each meta-block are independent of those for previous or
subsequent meta-blocks; the LZ77 algorithm may use a reference to a
duplicated string occurring in a previous meta-block, up to the
sliding window size of uncompressed bytes before. In addition, in
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the brotli format, a string reference may instead refer to a static
dictionary entry.
Each meta-block consists of two parts: a meta-block header that
describes the representation of the compressed data part, and a
compressed data part. The compressed data consists of a series of
commands. Each command consists of two parts: a sequence of literal
bytes (of strings that have not been detected as duplicated within
the sliding window), and a pointer to a duplicated string,
represented as a pair <length, backward distance>. There can be zero
literal bytes in the command. The minimum length of the string to be
duplicated is two, but the last command in the meta-block is
permitted to have only literals and no pointer to a string to
duplicate.
Each command in the compressed data is represented using three
categories of prefix codes:
1) One set of prefix codes are for the literal sequence lengths
(also referred to as literal insertion lengths) and backward
copy lengths (that is, a single code word represents two lengths,
one of the literal sequence and one of the backward copy).
2) One set of prefix codes are for literals.
3) One set of prefix codes are for distances.
The prefix code descriptions for each meta-block appear in a compact
form just before the compressed data in the meta-block header. The
insert-and-copy length and distance prefix codes may be followed by
extra bits that are added to the base values determined by the codes.
The number of extra bits is determined by the code.
One meta-block command then appears as a sequence of prefix codes:
Insert-and-copy length, literal, literal, ..., literal, distance
where the insert-and-copy defines an insertion length and a copy
length. The insertion length determines the number of literals that
immediately follow. The distance defines how far back to go for the
copy and the copy length determines the number of bytes to copy. The
resulting uncompressed data is the sequence of bytes:
literal, literal, ..., literal, copy, copy, ..., copy
where the number of literal bytes and copy bytes are determined by
the insert-and-copy length code. (The number of bytes copied for a
static dictionary entry can vary from the copy length.)
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The last command in the meta-block may end with the last literal if
the total uncompressed length of the meta-block has been satisfied.
In that case there is no distance in the last command, and the copy
length is ignored.
There can be more than one prefix code for each category, where the
prefix code to use for the next element of that category is
determined by the context of the compressed stream that precedes that
element. Part of that context is three current block types, one for
each category. A block type is in the range of 0..255. For each
category there is a count of how many elements of that category
remain to be decoded using the current block type. Once that count is
expended, a new block type and block count is read from the stream
immediately preceding the next element of that category, which will
use the new block type.
The insert-and-copy block type directly determines which prefix code
to use for the next insert-and-copy element. For the literal and
distance elements, the respective block type is used in combination
with other context information to determine which prefix code to use
for the next element.
Consider the following example:
(IaC0, L0, L1, L2, D0)(IaC1, D1)(IaC2, L3, L4, D2)(IaC3, L5, D3)
The meta-block here has four commands, contained in parentheses for
clarity, where each of the three categories of symbols within these
commands can be interpreted using different block types. Here we
separate out each category as its own sequence to show an example of
block types assigned to those elements. Each square-bracketed group
is a block that uses the same block type:
[IaC0, IaC1][IaC2, IaC3] <-- insert-and-copy: block types 0 and 1
[L0, L1][L2, L3, L4][L5] <-- literals: block types 0, 1, and 0
[D0][D1, D2, D3] <-- distances: block types 0 and 1
The subsequent blocks within each block category must have different
block types, but we see that block types can be reused later in the
meta-block. The block types are numbered from 0 to the maximum block
type number of 255 and the first block of each block category is type
0. The block structure of a meta-block is represented by the sequence
of block-switch commands for each block category, where a block-
switch command is a pair <block type, block count>. The block-switch
commands are represented in the compressed data before the start of
each new block using a prefix code for block types and a separate
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prefix code for block counts for each block category. For the above
example the physical layout of the meta-block is then:
IaC0 L0 L1 LBlockSwitch(1, 3) L2 D0 IaC1 DBlockSwitch(1, 3) D1
IaCBlockSwitch(1, 2) IaC2 L3 L4 D2 IaC3 LBlockSwitch(0, 1) L5 D3
where xBlockSwitch(t, n) switches to block type t for a count of n
elements. Note that in this example DBlockSwitch(1, 3) immediately
precedes the next required distance D1. It does not follow the last
distance of the previous block, D0. Whenever an element of a category
is needed, and the block count for that category has reached zero,
then a new block type and count is read from the stream just before
reading that next element.
The block-switch commands for the first blocks of each category are
not part of the meta-block compressed data. Instead the first block
type is defined to be 0, and the first block count for each category
is encoded in the meta-block header. The prefix codes for the block
types and counts, a total of six prefix codes over the three
categories, are defined in a compact form in the meta-block header.
Each category of value (insert-and-copy lengths, literals, and
distances) can be encoded with any prefix code from a collection of
prefix codes belonging to the same category appearing in the meta-
block header. The particular prefix code used can depend on two
factors: the block type of the block the value appears in, and the
context of the value. In the case of the literals, the context is
the previous two bytes in the uncompressed data, and in the case of
distances, the context is the copy length from the same command. For
insert-and-copy lengths, no context is used and the prefix code
depends only on the block type. In the case of literals and
distances, the context is mapped to a context ID in the range 0..63
for literals and 0..3 for distances. The matrix of the prefix code
indexes for each block type and context ID, called the context map,
is encoded in a compact form in the meta-block header.
For example, the prefix code to use to decode L2 depends on the block
type (1), and the literal context ID determined by the two
uncompressed bytes that were decoded from L0 and L1. Similarly, the
prefix code to use to decode D0 depends on the block type (0), and
the distance context ID determined by the copy length decoded from
IaC0. The prefix code to use to decode IaC3 depends only on the block
type (1).
In addition to the parts listed above (prefix code for insert-and-
copy lengths, literals, distances, block types and block counts, and
the context map), the meta-block header contains the number of
uncompressed bytes coded in the meta-block and two additional
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parameters used in the representation of match distances: the number
of postfix bits and the number of direct distance codes.
A compressed meta-block may be marked in the header as the last meta-
block, which terminates the compressed stream.
A meta-block may instead simply store the uncompressed data directly
as bytes on byte boundaries with no coding or matching strings. In
this case the meta-block header information only contains the number
of uncompressed bytes and the indication that the meta-block is
uncompressed. An uncompressed meta-block cannot be the last meta-
block.
A meta-block may also be empty, which generates no uncompressed data
at all. An empty meta-block may contain metadata information as
bytes starting on byte boundaries, which are not part of either the
sliding window or the uncompressed data. Thus, these metadata bytes
cannot be used to create matching strings in subsequent meta-blocks
and are not used as context bytes for literals.
3. Compressed representation of prefix codes
3.1. Introduction to prefix coding
Prefix coding represents symbols from an a priori known alphabet by
bit sequences (codes), one code for each symbol, in a manner such
that different symbols may be represented by bit sequences of
different lengths, but a parser can always parse an encoded string
unambiguously symbol-by-symbol.
We define a prefix code in terms of a binary tree in which the two
edges descending from each non-leaf node are labeled 0 and 1 and in
which the leaf nodes correspond one-for-one with (are labeled with)
the symbols of the alphabet; then the code for a symbol is the
sequence of 0's and 1's on the edges leading from the root to the
leaf labeled with that symbol. For example:
/\ Symbol Code
0 1 ------ ----
/ \ A 00
/\ B B 1
0 1 C 011
/ \ D 010
A /\
0 1
/ \
D C
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A parser can decode the next symbol from the compressed stream by
walking down the tree from the root, at each step choosing the edge
corresponding to the next compressed data bit.
Given an alphabet with known symbol frequencies, the Huffman
algorithm allows the construction of an optimal prefix code (one
which represents strings with those symbol frequencies using the
fewest bits of any possible prefix codes for that alphabet). Such a
prefix code is called a Huffman code. (See [HUFFMAN] in Chapter 5,
references for additional information on Huffman codes.)
Note that in the brotli format, the prefix codes for the various
alphabets must not exceed certain maximum code lengths. This
constraint complicates the algorithm for computing code lengths from
symbol frequencies. Again, see Chapter 5, references for details.
3.2. Use of prefix coding in the brotli format
The prefix codes used for each alphabet in the brotli format are
canonical prefix codes, which have two additional rules:
* All codes of a given bit length have lexicographically
consecutive values, in the same order as the symbols they
represent;
* Shorter codes lexicographically precede longer codes.
We could recode the example above to follow this rule as follows,
assuming that the order of the alphabet is ABCD:
Symbol Code
------ ----
A 10
B 0
C 110
D 111
I.e., 0 precedes 10, which precedes 11x, and 110 and 111 are
lexicographically consecutive.
Given this rule, we can define the canonical prefix code for an
alphabet just by giving the bit lengths of the codes for each symbol
of the alphabet in order; this is sufficient to determine the actual
codes. In our example, the code is completely defined by the sequence
of bit lengths (2, 1, 3, 3). The following algorithm generates the
codes as integers, intended to be read from most- to least-
significant bit. The code lengths are initially in tree[I].Len; the
codes are produced in tree[I].Code.
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1) Count the number of codes for each code length. Let
bl_count[N] be the number of codes of length N, N >= 1.
2) Find the numerical value of the smallest code for each
code length:
code = 0;
bl_count[0] = 0;
for (bits = 1; bits <= MAX_BITS; bits++) {
code = (code + bl_count[bits-1]) << 1;
next_code[bits] = code;
}
3) Assign numerical values to all codes, using consecutive
values for all codes of the same length with the base
values determined at step 2. Codes that are never used
(which have a bit length of zero) must not be assigned a
value.
for (n = 0; n <= max_code; n++) {
len = tree[n].Len;
if (len != 0) {
tree[n].Code = next_code[len];
next_code[len]++;
}
}
Example:
Consider the alphabet ABCDEFGH, with bit lengths (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2,
4, 4). After step 1, we have:
N bl_count[N]
- -----------
2 1
3 5
4 2
Step 2 computes the following next_code values:
N next_code[N]
- ------------
1 0
2 0
3 2
4 14
Step 3 produces the following code values:
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Symbol Length Code
------ ------ ----
A 3 010
B 3 011
C 3 100
D 3 101
E 3 110
F 2 00
G 4 1110
H 4 1111
3.3. Alphabet sizes
Prefix codes are used for different purposes in the brotli format,
and each purpose has a different alphabet size. For literal codes the
alphabet size is 256. For insert-and-copy length codes the alphabet
size is 704. For block count codes, the alphabet size is 26. For
distance codes, block type codes, and the prefix codes used in
compressing the context map, the alphabet size is dynamic and is
based on parameters defined in later sections. The following table
summarizes the alphabet sizes for the various prefix codes and the
sections where they are defined.
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| Prefix code | Alphabet size | Definition |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| literal | 256 | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| distance | 16 + NDIRECT + | Section 4. |
| | (48 << NPOSTFIX) | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| insert-and-copy | 704 | Section 5. |
| length | | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| block count | 26 | Section 6. |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| block type | NBLTYPESx + 2, | Section 6. |
| | (where x is I, L, or D) | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| context map | NTREESx + RLEMAXx | Section 7. |
| | (where x is L or D) | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
3.4. Simple prefix codes
The first two bits of the compressed representation of each prefix
code distinguish between simple and complex prefix codes. If this
value is 1, then a simple prefix code follows as described in this
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section. Otherwise, a complex prefix code follows as described in
Section 3.5.
A simple prefix code can have only up to four symbols with non-zero
code length. The format of the simple prefix code is as follows:
2 bits: value of 1 indicates a simple prefix code
2 bits: NSYM - 1, where NSYM = # of symbols coded
NSYM symbols, each encoded using ALPHABET_BITS bits
1 bit: tree-select, present only for NSYM = 4
The value of ALPHABET_BITS depends on the alphabet of the prefix
code: it is the smallest number of bits that can represent all
symbols in the alphabet. E.g. for the alphabet of literal bytes,
ALPHABET_BITS is 8. The value of each of the NSYM symbols above is
the value of the ALPHABETS_BITS width integer value. If the integer
value is greater than or equal to the alphabet size, or the value is
identical to a previous value, then the stream should be rejected as
invalid.
Note that the NSYM symbols may not be presented in sorted order.
Prefix codes of the same bit length must be assigned to the symbols
in sorted order.
The (non-zero) code lengths of the symbols can be reconstructed as
follows:
* if NSYM = 1, the code length for the one symbol is zero --
when encoding this symbol in the
compressed data stream using this prefix code, no
actual bits are emitted. Similarly, when decoding a symbol
using this prefix code, no bits are read and the one symbol
is returned.
* if NSYM = 2, both symbols have code length 1.
* if NSYM = 3, the code lengths for the symbols are 1, 2, 2 in
the order they appear in the representation of the simple
prefix code.
* if NSYM = 4, the code lengths (in order of symbols decoded)
depend on the tree-select bit: 2, 2, 2, 2 (tree-select bit 0),
or 1, 2, 3, 3 (tree-select bit 1).
3.5. Complex prefix codes
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A complex prefix code is a canonical prefix code, defined by the
sequence of code lengths, as discussed in Section 3.2., above. For
even greater compactness, the code length sequences themselves are
compressed using a prefix code. The alphabet for code lengths is as
follows:
0 - 15: Represent code lengths of 0 - 15
16: Copy the previous non-zero code length 3 - 6 times
The next 2 bits indicate repeat length
(0 = 3, ... , 3 = 6)
If this is the first code length, or all previous
code lengths are zero, a code length of 8 is
repeated 3 - 6 times
A repeated code length code of 16 modifies the
repeat count of the previous one as follows:
repeat count = (4 * (repeat count - 2)) +
(3 - 6 on the next 2 bits)
Example: Codes 7, 16 (+2 bits 11), 16 (+2 bits 10)
will expand to 22 code lengths of 7
(1 + 4 * (6 - 2) + 5)
17: Repeat a code length of 0 for 3 - 10 times.
(3 bits of length)
A repeated code length code of 17 modifies the
repeat count of the previous one as follows:
repeat count = (8 * (repeat count - 2)) +
(3 - 10 on the next 3 bits)
Note that a code of 16 that follows an immediately preceding 16
modifies the previous repeat count, which becomes the new repeat
count. The same is true for a 17 following a 17. A sequence of three
or more 16 codes in a row or three of more 17 codes in a row is
possible, modifying the count each time. Only the final repeat count
is used. The modification only applies if the same code follows. A 16
repeat does not modify an immediately preceding 17 count nor vice
versa.
A code length of 0 indicates that the corresponding symbol in the
alphabet will not occur in the compressed data, and should not
participate in the prefix code construction algorithm given earlier.
A complex prefix code must have at least two non-zero code lengths.
The bit lengths of the prefix code over the code length alphabet are
compressed with the following variable length code (as it appears in
the compressed data, where the bits are parsed from right to left):
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Symbol Code
------ ----
0 00
1 0111
2 011
3 10
4 01
5 1111
We can now define the format of the complex prefix code as follows:
2 bits: HSKIP, values of 0, 2, or 3 represent the respective
number of skipped code lengths. The skipped lengths
are taken to be zero. (An HSKIP of 1 indicates a
Simple prefix code.)
Code lengths for symbols in the code length alphabet given
just above, in the order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 5, 17, 6, 16, 7,
8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. If HSKIP is 2, then the
code lengths for symbols 1 and 2 are zero, and the first
code length is for symbol 3. If HSKIP is 3, then the code
length for symbol 3 is also zero, and the first code length
is for symbol 4.
The code lengths of code length symbols are between 0 and
5, and they are represented with 2 - 4 bits according to
the variable length code above. A code length of 0 means
the corresponding code length symbol is not used.
If HSKIP is 2 or 3, a respective number of leading code
lengths are implicit zeros and are not present in the
code lengths sequence above.
If there are at least two non-zero code lengths, any
trailing zero code lengths are omitted, i.e. the last
code length in the sequence must be non-zero. In this
case, the sum of (32 >> code length) over all the non-zero
code lengths must equal to 32.
If the lengths have been read for the entire code length
alphabet and there was only one non-zero code length,
then the prefix code has one symbol whose code has zero
length. In this case, that symbol results in no bits
being emitted by the compressor, and no bits consumed by
the decompressor. That single symbol is immediately
returned when this code is decoded.
An example of where this occurs is if the
entire code to be represented has symbols of length 8.
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E.g. a literal code that represents all literal values
with equal probability. In this case the single symbol
is 16, which repeats the previous length. The previous
length is taken to be 8 before any code length code
lengths are read.
Sequence of at most alphabet size code lengths symbols, encoded
using the code length prefix code. Any trailing 0 or 17 must be
omitted, i.e. the last encoded code length symbol must be
between 1 and 16. The sum of (32768 >> code length) over
all the non-zero code lengths in the alphabet, including
those encoded using repeat code(s) of 16, must equal to
32768. If the number of times to repeat the previous length
or repeat a zero length would result in more lengths in
total than the number of symbols in the alphabet, then the
stream should be rejected as invalid.
4. Encoding of distances
As described in Section 2., one component of a compressed meta-block
is a sequence of backward distances. In this section we provide the
details to the encoding of distances.
Each distance in the compressed data part of a meta-block is
represented with a pair <distance code, extra bits>. The distance
code and the extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the distance code
is encoded using a prefix code over the distance alphabet, while the
extra bits value is encoded as a fixed-width integer value. The
number of extra bits can be 0 - 24, and it is dependent on the
distance code.
To convert a distance code and associated extra bits to a backward
distance, we need the sequence of past distances and two additional
parameters, the number of "postfix bits", denoted by NPOSTFIX (0..3),
and the number of direct distance codes, denoted by NDIRECT (0..120).
Both of these parameters are encoded in the meta-block header. We
will also use the following derived parameter:
POSTFIX_MASK = (1 << NPOSTFIX) - 1
The first 16 distance symbols are special symbols that reference past
distances as follows:
0: last distance
1: second-to-last distance
2: third-to-last distance
3: fourth-to-last distance
4: last distance - 1
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5: last distance + 1
6: last distance - 2
7: last distance + 2
8: last distance - 3
9: last distance + 3
10: second-to-last distance - 1
11: second-to-last distance + 1
12: second-to-last distance - 2
13: second-to-last distance + 2
14: second-to-last distance - 3
15: second-to-last distance + 3
The ring buffer of four last distances is initialized by the values
16, 15, 11, and 4 (i.e. the fourth-to-last is set to 16, the third-
to-last to 15, the second-to-last to 11, and the last distance to 4)
at the beginning of the *stream* (as opposed to the beginning of the
meta-block) and it is not reset at meta-block boundaries. When a
distance symbol 0 appears, the distance it represents (i.e. the last
distance in the sequence of distances) is not pushed to the ring
buffer of last distances, in other words, the expression "(second,
third, fourth)-to-last distance" means the (second, third,
fourth)-to-last distance that was not represented by a 0 distance
symbol. Similarly, distances that represent static dictionary words
(see Section 8.) are not pushed to the ring buffer of last distances.
If a special distance symbol resolves to a zero or negative value,
the stream should be rejected as invalid.
If NDIRECT is greater than zero, then the next NDIRECT distance
symbols, from 16 to 15 + NDIRECT, represent distances from 1 to
NDIRECT. Neither the special distance symbols, nor the NDIRECT
direct distance symbols are followed by any extra bits.
Distance symbols 16 + NDIRECT and greater all have extra bits, where
the number of extra bits for a distance symbol "dcode" is given by
the following formula:
ndistbits = 1 + ((dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> (NPOSTFIX + 1))
The maximum number of extra bits is 24, therefore the size of the
distance symbol alphabet is (16 + NDIRECT + (48 << NPOSTFIX)).
Given a distance symbol "dcode" (>= 16 + NDIRECT), and extra bits
"dextra", the backward distance is given by the following formula:
hcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) >> NPOSTFIX
lcode = (dcode - NDIRECT - 16) & POSTFIX_MASK
offset = ((2 + (hcode & 1)) << ndistbits) - 4
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distance = ((offset + dextra) << NPOSTFIX) + lcode + NDIRECT + 1
5. Encoding of literal insertion lengths and copy lengths
As described in Section 2., the literal insertion lengths and
backward copy lengths are encoded using a single prefix code. This
section provides the details to this encoding.
Each <insertion length, copy length> pair in the compressed data part
of a meta-block is represented with the following triplet:
<insert-and-copy length code, insert extra bits, copy extra bits>
The insert-and-copy length code, the insert extra bits, and the copy
extra bits are encoded back-to-back, the insert-and-copy length code
is encoded using a prefix code over the insert-and-copy length code
alphabet, while the extra bits values are encoded as fixed-width
integer values. The number of insert and copy extra bits can be 0 -
24, and they are dependent on the insert-and-copy length code.
Some of the insert-and-copy length codes also express the fact that
the distance symbol of the distance in the same command is 0, i.e.
the distance component of the command is the same as that of the
previous command. In this case, the distance code and extra bits for
the distance are omitted from the compressed data stream.
We describe the insert-and-copy length code alphabet in terms of the
(not directly used) insert length code and copy length code
alphabets. The symbols of the insert length code alphabet, along with
the number of insert extra bits, and the range of the insert lengths
are as follows:
Extra Extra Extra
Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths
---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- -------
0 0 0 8 2 10-13 16 6 130-193
1 0 1 9 2 14-17 17 7 194-321
2 0 2 10 3 18-25 18 8 322-577
3 0 3 11 3 26-33 19 9 578-1089
4 0 4 12 4 34-49 20 10 1090-2113
5 0 5 13 4 50-65 21 12 2114-6209
6 1 6,7 14 5 66-97 22 14 6210-22593
7 1 8,9 15 5 98-129 23 24 22594-16799809
The symbols of the copy length code alphabet, along with the number
of copy extra bits, and the range of copy lengths are as follows:
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Extra Extra Extra
Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths
---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- -------
0 0 2 8 1 10,11 16 5 70-101
1 0 3 9 1 12,13 17 5 102-133
2 0 4 10 2 14-17 18 6 134-197
3 0 5 11 2 18-21 19 7 198-325
4 0 6 12 3 22-29 20 8 326-581
5 0 7 13 3 30-37 21 9 582-1093
6 0 8 14 4 38-53 22 10 1094-2117
7 0 9 15 4 54-69 23 24 2118-16779333
To convert an insert-and-copy length code to an insert length code
and a copy length code, the following table can be used:
Insert
length Copy length code
code 0-7 8-15 16-23
+---------+---------+
| | |
0-7 | 0-63 | 64-127 | <--- distance symbol 0
| | |
+---------+---------+---------+
| | | |
0-7 | 128-191 | 192-255 | 384-447 |
| | | |
+---------+---------+---------+
| | | |
8-15 | 256-319 | 320-383 | 512-575 |
| | | |
+---------+---------+---------+
| | | |
16-23 | 448-511 | 576-639 | 640-703 |
| | | |
+---------+---------+---------+
First, look up the cell with the 64 value range containing the
insert-and-copy length code, this gives the insert length code and
the copy length code ranges, both 8 values long. The copy length
code within its range is determined by bits 0-2 (counted from the
LSB) of the insert-and-copy length code. The insert length code
within its range is determined by bits 3-5 (counted from the LSB) of
the insert-and-copy length code. Given the insert length and copy
length codes, the actual insert and copy lengths can be obtained by
reading the number of extra bits given by the tables above.
If the insert-and-copy length code is between 0 and 127, the distance
code of the command is set to zero (the last distance reused).
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6. Encoding of block switch commands
As described in Section 2., a block-switch command is a pair <block
type, block count>. These are encoded in the compressed data part of
the meta-block, right before the start of each new block of a
particular block category.
Each block type in the compressed data is represented with a block
type code, encoded using a prefix code over the block type code
alphabet. A block type symbol 0 means that the new block type is the
same as the type of the previous block from the same block category,
i.e. the block type that preceded the current type, while a block
type symbol 1 means that the new block type equals the current block
type plus one. If the current block type is the maximal possible,
then a block type symbol of 1 results in wrapping to a new block type
of 0. Block type symbols 2 - 257 represent block types 0 - 255
respectively. The previous and current block types are initialized to
1 and 0, respectively, at the end of the meta-block header.
Since the first block type of each block category is 0, the block
type of the first block-switch command is not encoded in the
compressed data. If a block category has only one block type, the
block count of the first block-switch command is also omitted from
the compressed data, otherwise it is encoded in the meta-block
header.
Since the end of the meta-block is detected by the number of
uncompressed bytes produced, the block counts for any of the three
categories need not count down to exactly zero at the end of the
meta-block.
The number of different block types in each block category, denoted
by NBLTYPESL, NBLTYPESI, and NBLTYPESD for literals, insert-and-copy
lengths, and distances, respectively, is encoded in the meta-block
header, and it must equal to the largest block type plus one in that
block category. In other words, the set of literal, insert-and-copy
length, and distance block types must be [0..NBLTYPESL-1],
[0..NBLTYPESI-1], and [0..NBLTYPESD-1], respectively. From this it
follows that the alphabet size of literal, insert-and-copy length,
and distance block type codes is NBLTYPESL + 2, NBLTYPESI + 2, and
NBLTYPESD + 2, respectively.
Each block count in the compressed data is represented with a pair
<block count code, extra bits>. The block count code and the extra
bits are encoded back-to-back, the block count code is encoded using
a prefix code over the block count code alphabet, while the extra
bits value is encoded as a fixed-width integer value. The number of
extra bits can be 0 - 24, and it is dependent on the block count
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code. The symbols of the block count code alphabet, along with the
number of extra bits, and the range of block counts are as follows:
Extra Extra Extra
Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths Code Bits Lengths
---- ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- -------
0 2 1-4 9 4 65-80 18 7 369-496
1 2 5-8 10 4 81-96 19 8 497-752
2 2 9-12 11 4 97-112 20 9 753-1264
3 2 13-16 12 5 113-144 21 10 1265-2288
4 3 17-24 13 5 145-176 22 11 2289-4336
5 3 25-32 14 5 177-208 23 12 4337-8432
6 3 33-40 15 5 209-240 24 13 8433-16624
7 3 41-48 16 6 241-304 25 24 16625-16793840
8 4 49-64 17 6 305-368
The first block-switch command of each block category is special in
the sense that it is encoded in the meta-block header, and as
described earlier, the block type code is omitted since it is an
implicit zero.
7. Context modeling
As described in Section 2., the prefix tree used to encode a literal
byte or a distance code depends on the block type and the context ID.
This section specifies how to compute the context ID for a particular
literal and distance code, and how to encode the context map that
maps a <block type, context ID> pair to the index of a prefix code in
the array of literal and distance prefix codes.
7.1. Context modes and context ID lookup for literals
The context for encoding the next literal is defined by the last two
bytes in the stream (p1, p2, where p1 is the most recent byte),
regardless of whether these bytes are produced by uncompressed meta-
blocks, backward references, static dictionary references, or by
literal insertions. At the start of the stream p1 and p2 are
initialized to zero.
There are four methods, called context modes, to compute the Context
ID:
* LSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six
least-significant bits of p1,
* MSB6, where the Context ID is the value of six
most-significant bits of p1,
* UTF8, where the Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2,
optimized for text compression, and
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* Signed, where Context ID is a complex function of p1, p2,
optimized for compressing sequences of signed integers.
The Context ID for the UTF8 and Signed context modes is computed
using the following lookup tables Lut0, Lut1, and Lut2.
Lut0 :=
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
8, 12, 16, 12, 12, 20, 12, 16, 24, 28, 12, 12, 32, 12, 36, 12,
44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 32, 32, 24, 40, 28, 12,
12, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48,
52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 48, 52, 52, 52, 52, 52, 24, 12, 28, 12, 12,
12, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56,
60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 56, 60, 60, 60, 60, 60, 24, 12, 28, 12, 0,
0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,
2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3,
2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3,
2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3,
2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3
Lut1 :=
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2
Lut2 :=
0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
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3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7
The lengths and the zlib CRC-32 (ITU-T Recommendation V.42) check
values of each of these tables as a sequence of bytes are as follows:
Table Length CRC-32
----- ------ ------
Lut0 256 0x8e91efb7
Lut1 256 0xd01a32f4
Lut2 256 0x0dd7a0d6
Given p1 is the last uncompressed byte and p2 is the second-to-last
uncompressed byte, the context IDs can be computed as follows:
For LSB6: Context ID = p1 & 0x3f
For MSB6: Context ID = p1 >> 2
For UTF8: Context ID = Lut0[p1] | Lut1[p2]
For Signed: Context ID = (Lut2[p1] << 3) | Lut2[p2]
From the lookup tables defined above and the operations to compute
the context IDs, we can see that context IDs for literals are in the
range of 0..63.
The context modes LSB6, MSB6, UTF8, and Signed are denoted by
integers 0, 1, 2, 3.
A context mode is defined for each literal block type and they are
stored in a consecutive array of bits in the meta-block header,
always two bits per block type.
7.2. Context ID for distances
The context for encoding a distance code is defined by the copy
length corresponding to the distance. The context IDs are 0, 1, 2,
and 3 for copy lengths 2, 3, 4, and more than 4, respectively.
7.3. Encoding of the context map
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There are two context maps, one for literals and one for distances.
The size of the context map is 64 * NBLTYPESL for literals, and 4 *
NBLTYPESD for distances. Each value in the context map is an integer
between 0 and 255, indicating the index of the prefix code to be used
when encoding the next literal or distance.
The context maps are two-dimensional matrices, encoded as one-
dimensional arrays:
CMAPL[0..(64 * NBLTYPESL - 1)]
CMAPD[0..(4 * NBLTYPESD - 1)]
The index of the prefix code for encoding a literal or distance code
with block type, BTYPE_x, and context ID, CIDx, is:
index of literal prefix code = CMAPL[64 * BTYPE_L + CIDL]
index of distance prefix code = CMAPD[4 * BTYPE_D + CIDD]
The values of the context map are encoded with the combination of run
length encoding for zero values and prefix coding. Let RLEMAX denote
the number of run length codes and NTREES denote the maximum value in
the context map plus one. NTREES must equal the number of different
values in the context map, in other words, the different values in
the context map must be the [0..NTREES-1] interval. The alphabet of
the prefix code has the following RLEMAX + NTREES symbols:
0: value zero
1: repeat a zero 2 to 3 times, read 1 bit for repeat length
2: repeat a zero 4 to 7 times, read 2 bits for repeat length
...
RLEMAX: repeat a zero (1 << RLEMAX) to (1 << (RLEMAX+1))-1
times, read RLEMAX bits for repeat length
RLEMAX + 1: value 1
...
RLEMAX + NTREES - 1: value NTREES - 1
If RLEMAX = 0, the run length coding is not used, and the symbols of
the alphabet are directly the values in the context map. We can now
define the format of the context map (the same format is used for
literal and distance context maps):
1-5 bits: RLEMAX, 0 is encoded with one 0 bit, and values
1 - 16 are encoded with bit pattern xxxx1 (so 01001
is 5)
Prefix code with alphabet size NTREES + RLEMAX
Context map size values encoded with the above prefix code
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and run length coding for zero values. If a run length
would result in more lengths in total than the size of
the context map, then the stream should be rejected as
invalid.
1 bit: IMTF bit, if set, we do an inverse move-to-front
transform on the values in the context map to get
the prefix code indexes
Note that RLEMAX may be larger than the value necessary to represent
the longest sequence of zero values. Also, the NTREES value is
encoded right before the context map as described in Section 9.2.
We define the inverse move-to-front transform used in this
specification by the following C language function:
void InverseMoveToFrontTransform(uint8_t* v, int v_len) {
uint8_t mtf[256];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
mtf[i] = (uint8_t)i;
}
for (i = 0; i < v_len; ++i) {
uint8_t index = v[i];
uint8_t value = mtf[index];
v[i] = value;
for (; index; --index) {
mtf[index] = mtf[index - 1];
}
mtf[0] = value;
}
}
Note that the inverse move-to-front transform will not produce values
outside the [0..NTREES-1] interval.
8. Static dictionary
At any given point during decoding the compressed data, a reference
to a duplicated string in the uncompressed data produced so far has a
maximum backward distance value, which is the minimum of the window
size and the number of uncompressed bytes produced. However, decoding
a distance from the compressed stream, as described in Section 4.,
can produce distances that are greater than this maximum allowed
value. In this case, the distance is treated as a reference to a word
in the static dictionary given in Appendix A. The copy length for a
static dictionary reference must be between 4 and 24. The static
dictionary has three parts:
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* DICT[0..DICTSIZE], an array of bytes
* DOFFSET[0..24], an array of byte offset values for each length
* NDBITS[0..24], an array of bit-depth values for each length
The number of static dictionary words for a given length is:
NWORDS[length] = 0 (if length < 4)
NWORDS[length] = (1 << NDBITS[length]) (if length >= 4)
DOFFSET and DICTSIZE are defined by the following recursion:
DOFFSET[0] = 0
DOFFSET[length + 1] = DOFFSET[length] + length * NWORDS[length]
DICTSIZE = DOFFSET[24] + 24 * NWORDS[24]
The offset of a word within the DICT array for a given length and
index is:
offset(length, index) = DOFFSET[length] + index * length
Each static dictionary word has 121 different forms, given by
applying a word transformation to a base word in the DICT array. The
list of word transformations is given in Appendix B. The static
dictionary word for a <length, distance> pair can be reconstructed as
follows:
word_id = distance - (max allowed distance + 1)
index = word_id % NWORDS[length]
base_word = DICT[offset(length, index)..offset(length, index+1)-1]
transform_id = word_id >> NDBITS[length]
The string copied to the uncompressed stream is computed by applying
the transformation to the base dictionary word. If transform_id is
greater than 120, or the length is smaller than 4 or greater than 24,
then the compressed stream should be rejected as invalid.
Each word transformation has the following form:
transform_i(word) = prefix_i + T_i(word) + suffix_i
where the _i subscript denotes the transform_id above. Each T_i is
one of the following 21 elementary transforms:
Identity, UppercaseFirst, UppercaseAll,
OmitFirst1, ..., OmitFirst9, OmitLast1, ..., OmitLast9
The form of these elementary transforms is as follows:
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Identity(word) = word
UppercaseFirst(word) = first UTF-8 character of word upper-cased
UppercaseAll(word) = all UTF-8 characters of word upper-cased
OmitFirstk(word) = the last (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or
empty string if length(word) < k
OmitLastk(word) = the first (length(word) - k) bytes of word, or
empty string if length(word) < k
For the purposes of UppercaseAll, word is parsed into UTF-8
characters and converted to upper-case by taking 1 - 3 bytes at a
time, using the algorithm below:
i = 0
while i < length(word):
if word[i] < 192:
if word[i] >= 97 and word[i] <= 122:
word[i] = word[i] ^ 32
i = i + 1
else if word[i] < 224:
if i + 1 < length(word):
word[i + 1] = word[i + 1] ^ 32
i = i + 2
else:
if i + 2 < length(word):
word[i + 2] = word[i + 2] ^ 5
i = i + 3
For UppercaseFirst, the same algorithm is used, but the loop is
executed only once.
Appendix B. contains the list of transformations by specifying the
prefix, elementary transform and suffix components of each of them.
Note that the OmitFirst8 elementary transform is not used in the list
of transformations. The strings in Appendix B. are in C string format
with respect to escape (backslash) characters.
The maximum number of additional bytes that a transform may add to a
base word is 13. Since the largest base word is 24 bytes long, a
buffer of 38 bytes is sufficient to store any transformed words
(counting a terminating zero byte).
9. Compressed data format
In this section we describe the format of the compressed data set in
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terms of the format of the individual data items described in the
previous sections.
9.1. Format of the stream header
The stream header has only the following one field:
1-7 bits: WBITS, a value in the range 10 - 24, encoded with
the following variable length code (as it appears in
the compressed data, where the bits are parsed from
right to left):
Value Bit Pattern
----- -----------
10 0100001
11 0110001
12 1000001
13 1010001
14 1100001
15 1110001
16 0
17 0000001
18 0011
19 0101
20 0111
21 1001
22 1011
23 1101
24 1111
Note that bit pattern 0010001 is invalid and must not
be used.
The size of the sliding window, which is the maximum value of any
non-dictionary reference backward distance, is given by the following
formula:
window size = (1 << WBITS) - 16
9.2. Format of the meta-block header
A compliant compressed data set has at least one meta-block. Each
meta-block contains a header with information about the uncompressed
length of the meta-block, and a bit signaling if the meta-block is
the last one. The format of the meta-block header is the following:
1 bit: ISLAST, set to 1 if this is the last meta-block
1 bit: ISLASTEMPTY, if set to 1, the meta-block is empty;
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this field is only present if ISLAST bit is set -- if
it is 1, then the meta-block and the brotli stream ends
at that bit, with any remaining bits in the last byte
of the compressed stream filled with zeros (if the
fill bits are not zero, then the stream should be
rejected as invalid)
2 bits: MNIBBLES, # of nibbles to represent the uncompressed
length, encoded with the following fixed-length code:
Value Bit Pattern
----- -----------
0 11
4 00
5 01
6 10
If MNIBBLES is 0, the meta-block is empty, i.e. it does
not generate any uncompressed data. In this case, the
rest of the meta-block has the following format:
1 bit: reserved, must be zero
2 bits: MSKIPBYTES, # of bytes to represent metadata
length
MSKIPBYTES x 8 bits: MSKIPLEN - 1, where MSKIPLEN is
the number of metadata bytes; this field is
only present if MSKIPBYTES is positive,
otherwise MSKIPLEN is 0 (if MSKIPBYTES is
greater than 1, and the last byte is all
zeros, then the stream should be rejected
as invalid)
0 - 7 bits: fill bits until the next byte boundary,
must be all zeros
MSKIPLEN bytes of metadata, not part of the
uncompressed data or the sliding window
MNIBBLES x 4 bits: MLEN - 1, where MLEN is the length
of the meta-block uncompressed data in bytes (if
MNIBBLES is greater than 4, and the last
nibble is all zeros, then the stream should be
rejected as invalid)
1 bit: ISUNCOMPRESSED, if set to 1, any bits of compressed
data up to the next byte boundary are ignored, and
the rest of the meta-block contains MLEN bytes of
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literal data; this field is only present if the
ISLAST bit is not set (if the ignored bits are not
all zeros, the stream should be rejected as invalid)
1-11 bits: NBLTYPESL, # of literal block types, encoded with
the following variable length code (as it appears in
the compressed data, where the bits are parsed from
right to left, so 0110111 has the value 12):
Value Bit Pattern
----- -----------
1 0
2 0001
3-4 x0011
5-8 xx0101
9-16 xxx0111
17-32 xxxx1001
33-64 xxxxx1011
65-128 xxxxxx1101
129-256 xxxxxxx1111
Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for
literal block types, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2
Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for
literal block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2
Block count code + extra bits for first literal
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2
1-11 bits: NBLTYPESI, # of insert-and-copy block types, encoded
with the same variable length code as above
Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for
insert-and-copy block types, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2
Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for
insert-and-copy block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2
Block count code + extra bits for first insert-and-copy
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2
1-11 bits: NBLTYPESD, # of distance block types, encoded
with the same variable length code as above
Prefix code over the block type code alphabet for
distance block types, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2
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Prefix code over the block count code alphabet for
distance block counts, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2
Block count code + extra bits for first distance
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2
2 bits: NPOSTFIX, parameter used in the distance coding
4 bits: four most-significant bits of NDIRECT, to get the
actual value of the parameter NDIRECT, left-shift
this four-bit number by NPOSTFIX bits
NBLTYPESL x 2 bits: context mode for each literal block type
1-11 bits: NTREESL, # of literal prefix trees, encoded
with the same variable length code as NBLTYPESL
Literal context map, encoded as described in Section 7.3.,
appears only if NTREESL >= 2, otherwise the context map
has only zero values
1-11 bits: NTREESD, # of distance prefix trees, encoded
with the same variable length code as NBLTYPESD
Distance context map, encoded as described in Section 7.3.,
appears only if NTREESD >= 2, otherwise the context map
has only zero values
NTREESL prefix codes for literals
NBLTYPESI prefix codes for insert-and-copy lengths
NTREESD prefix codes for distances
9.3. Format of the meta-block data
The compressed data part of a meta-block consists of a series of
commands. Each command has the following format:
Block type code for next insert-and-copy block type, appears
only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the previous insert-and-copy
block count is zero
Block count code + extra bits for next insert-and-copy
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESI >= 2 and the
previous insert-and-copy block count is zero
Insert-and-copy length, encoded as in Section 5., using the
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insert-and-copy length prefix code with the current
insert-and-copy block type index
Insert length number of literals, with the following format:
Block type code for next literal block type, appears
only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the previous literal
block count is zero
Block count code + extra bits for next literal
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESL >= 2 and the
previous literal block count is zero
Next byte of the uncompressed data, encoded with the
literal prefix code with the index determined by the
previous two bytes of the uncompressed data, the
current literal block type, and the context map, as
described in Section 7.3.
Block type code for next distance block type, appears
only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the previous distance
block count is zero
Block count code + extra bits for next distance
block count, appears only if NBLTYPESD >= 2 and the
previous distance block count is zero
Distance code, encoded as in Section 4., using the distance
prefix code with the current distance block type index,
appears only if the distance code is not an implicit 0,
as indicated by the insert-and-copy length code
The number of commands in the meta-block is such that the sum of the
uncompressed bytes produced (i.e. the number of literals inserted
plus the number of bytes copied from past data or generated from the
static dictionary) over all the commands gives the uncompressed
length, MLEN encoded in the meta-block header.
If the total number of uncompressed bytes produced after the insert
part of the last command equals MLEN, then the copy length of the
last command is ignored and will not produce any uncompressed output.
In this case the copy length of the last command can have any value.
In any other case, if the number of literals to insert, the copy
length, or the resulting dictionary word length would cause MLEN to
be exceeded, then the stream should be rejected as invalid.
If the last command of the last non-empty meta-block does not end on
a byte boundary, the unused bits in the last byte must be zeros.
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10. Decoding algorithm
The decoding algorithm that produces the uncompressed data is as
follows:
read window size
do
read ISLAST bit
if ISLAST
read ISLASTEMPTY bit
if ISLASTEMPTY
break from loop
read MNIBBLES
if MNIBBLES is zero
verify reserved bit is zero
read MSKIPLEN
skip any bits up to the next byte boundary
skip MSKIPLEN bytes
continue to the next meta-block
else
read MLEN
if not ISLAST
read ISUNCOMPRESSED bit
if ISUNCOMPRESSED
skip any bits up to the next byte boundary
copy MLEN bytes of compressed data as literals
continue to the next meta-block
loop for each three block categories (i = L, I, D)
read NBLTYPESi
if NBLTYPESi >= 2
read prefix code for block types, HTREE_BTYPE_i
read prefix code for block counts, HTREE_BLEN_i
read block count, BLEN_i
set block type, BTYPE_i to 0
initialize second-to-last and last block types to 0 and 1
else
set block type, BTYPE_i to 0
set block count, BLEN_i to 16777216
read NPOSTFIX and NDIRECT
read array of literal context modes, CMODE[]
read NTREESL
if NTREESL >= 2
read literal context map, CMAPL[]
else
fill CMAPL[] with zeros
read NTREESD
if NTREESD >= 2
read distance context map, CMAPD[]
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else
fill CMAPD[] with zeros
read array of literal prefix codes, HTREEL[]
read array of insert-and-copy length prefix codes, HTREEI[]
read array of distance prefix codes, HTREED[]
do
if BLEN_I is zero
read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_I and set BTYPE_I
save previous block type
read block count using HTREE_BLEN_I and set BLEN_I
decrement BLEN_I
read insert-and-copy length symbol using HTREEI[BTYPE_I]
compute insert length, ILEN, and copy length, CLEN
loop for ILEN
if BLEN_L is zero
read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_L and set BTYPE_L
save previous block type
read block count using HTREE_BLEN_L and set BLEN_L
decrement BLEN_L
look up context mode CMODE[BTYPE_L]
compute context ID, CIDL from last two uncompressed bytes
read literal using HTREEL[CMAPL[64*BTYPE_L + CIDL]]
write literal to uncompressed stream
if number of uncompressed bytes produced in the loop for
this meta-block is MLEN, then break from loop (in this
case the copy length is ignored and can have any value)
if distance code is implicit zero from insert-and-copy code
set backward distance to the last distance
else
if BLEN_D is zero
read block type using HTREE_BTYPE_D and set BTYPE_D
save previous block type
read block count using HTREE_BLEN_D and set BLEN_D
decrement BLEN_D
compute context ID, CIDD from CLEN
read distance code using HTREED[CMAPD[4*BTYPE_D + CIDD]]
compute distance by distance short code substitution
if distance code is not zero,
and distance is not a static dictionary reference,
push distance to the ring buffer of last distances
if distance is less than the max allowed distance plus one
move backwards distance bytes in the uncompressed data,
and copy CLEN bytes from this position to
the uncompressed stream
else
look up the static dictionary word, transform the word as
directed, and copy the result to the uncompressed stream
while number of uncompressed bytes for this meta-block < MLEN
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while not ISLAST
If the stream ends before the completion of the last meta-block, then
the stream should be rejected as invalid.
Note that a duplicated string reference may refer to a string in a
previous meta-block, i.e. the backward distance may cross one or more
meta-block boundaries. However a backward copy distance will not
refer past the beginning of the uncompressed stream or the window
size; any such distance is interpreted as a reference to a static
dictionary word. Also note that the referenced string may overlap the
current position, for example, if the last 2 bytes decoded have
values X and Y, a string reference with <length = 5, distance = 2>
adds X,Y,X,Y,X to the uncompressed stream.
11. Security Considerations
As with any compressed file formats, decompressor implementations
should handle all compressed data byte sequences, not only those that
conform to this specification, where non-conformant compressed data
sequences should be discarded. A possible attack against a system
containing a decompressor implementation (e.g. a web browser) is to
exploit a buffer overflow caused by an invalid compressed data.
Therefore decompressor implementations should perform bounds-checking
for each memory access that result from values decoded from the
compressed stream.
12. IANA Considerations
The "HTTP Content Coding Registry" has been updated with the
registration below:
+-------+-------------------------------------+------------+
| Name | Description | Reference |
+-------+-------------------------------------+------------+
| br | Brotli Compressed Data Format | RFCXXXX |
+-------+-------------------------------------+------------+
13. Informative References
[HUFFMAN] Huffman, D. A., "A Method for the Construction of Minimum
Redundancy Codes", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio
Engineers, September 1952, Volume 40, Number 9, pp.
1098-1101.
[LZ77] Ziv J., Lempel A., "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential
Data Compression", IEEE Transactions on Information
Theory, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 337-343.
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[RFC1951] Deutsch, P., "DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification
version 1.3", RFC 1951, Aladdin Enterprises, May 1996.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt
[WOFF2] Levantovsky, V. (ed.), Levien, R. (ed.), "WOFF File Format
2.0", W3C WebFonts Working Group,
http://www.w3.org/TR/WOFF2/
14. Source code
Source code for a C language implementation of a brotli compliant
decompressor and a C++ language implementation of a compressor is
available in the brotli open-source project:
https://github.com/google/brotli
15. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Mark Adler, Thomas Pickert, and Joe
Tsai for providing helpful review comments, validating the
specification by writing an independent decompressor, and suggesting
improvements to the format and the text of the specification.
Appendix A. Static dictionary data
The hexadecimal form of the DICT array is the following, where the
length is 122,784 bytes and the zlib CRC-32 of the byte sequence is
0x5136cb04.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73686970726f6f6d48544d4c706c616e54797065646f6e65736176656b656570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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 37]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
6c6966745431393a76696365616e6479646562743e525353706f6f6c6e65636b
626c6f775431363a646f6f726576616c5431373a6c6574736661696c6f72616c
706f6c6c6e6f7661636f6c7367656e6520e28094736f6674726f6d6574696c6c
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666f7274636172745431343a3c68313e38307078212d2d3c3970783b5430343a
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616c65783b0a097d6563686f6e696e652e6f726730303529746f6e796a657773
73616e646c656773726f6f66303030292032303077696e6567656172646f6773
626f6f74676172796375747374796c6574656d7074696f6e2e786d6c636f636b
67616e672428272e3530707850682e446d697363616c616e6c6f616e6465736b
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2e6a7327323030706475616c626f61742e4a5047293b0a7d71756f74293b0a0a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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 38]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
656c6c616d61796f7a6f6e61616d6f727069736f6f627261636c6963656c6c6f
64696f73686f726163617369d0b7d0b0d0bdd0b0d0bed0bcd180d0b0d180d183
d182d0b0d0bdd0b5d0bfd0bed0bed182d0b8d0b7d0bdd0bed0b4d0bed182d0be
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d0a2d18bd183d0b6d981d98ad8a3d986d985d8a7d985d8b9d983d984d8a3d988
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d8a8d8b3d8a7d984d8a5d986d987d98ad8a3d98ad982d8afd987d984d8abd985
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d8a3d985d986d8aad8a8d98ad984d986d8add8a8d987d985d985d8b4d988d8b4
6669727374766964656f6c69676874776f726c646d656469617768697465636c
6f7365626c61636b7269676874736d616c6c626f6f6b73706c6163656d757369
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6f617264686f75736567726f7570776f726b7379656172737374617465746f64
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6e696768746572726f72696e70757461626f75747465726d737469746c65746f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65616365737461676577696474686c6f67696e696465617377726f7465706167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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 39]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
6e65646d69676874616c62756d7468696e6b626c6f6f6461727261796d616a6f
72747275737463616e6f6e756e696f6e636f756e7476616c696473746f6e6553
74796c654c6f67696e68617070796f636375726c6566743a6672657368717569
746566696c6d7367726164656e65656473757262616e66696768746261736973
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757220736c696465746f70696362726f776e616c6f6e65647261776e73706c69
747265616368526967687464617465736d6172636871756f7465676f6f64734c
696e6b73646f7562746173796e637468756d62616c6c6f776368696566796f75
74686e6f76656c313070783b7365727665756e74696c68616e6473436865636b
537061636571756572796a616d6573657175616c7477696365302c3030305374
61727470616e656c736f6e6773726f756e6465696768747368696674776f7274
68706f7374736c656164737765656b7361766f696474686573656d696c657370
6c616e65736d617274616c706861706c616e746d61726b737261746573706c61
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6b656e736f6c696428746869736272696e677368697073737461666674726965
6463616c6c7366756c6c7966616374736167656e7454686973202f2f2d2d3e61
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73737370656e74626c6f6773626f78223e6e6f7465646c656176656368696e61
73697a657367756573743c2f68343e726f626f746865617679747275652c7365
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653e3c212d2d656e5f5553262333393b32303070785f6e616d656c6174696e65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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 40]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 41]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 42]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 43]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 44]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 45]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 46]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 47]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 48]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 49]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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d8b3d986d8a9d98ad8aad985d983d8b1d8a9d8bad8b2d8a9d986d981d8b3d8a8
d98ad8aad984d984d987d984d986d8a7d8aad984d983d982d984d8a8d984d985
d8a7d8b9d986d987d8a3d988d984d8b4d98ad8a1d986d988d8b1d8a3d985d8a7
d981d98ad983d8a8d983d984d8b0d8a7d8aad8b1d8aad8a8d8a8d8a3d986d987
d985d8b3d8a7d986d983d8a8d98ad8b9d981d982d8afd8add8b3d986d984d987
d985d8b4d8b9d8b1d8a3d987d984d8b4d987d8b1d982d8b7d8b1d8b7d984d8a8
70726f66696c657365727669636564656661756c7468696d73656c6664657461
696c73636f6e74656e74737570706f7274737461727465646d65737361676573
75636365737366617368696f6e3c7469746c653e636f756e7472796163636f75
6e746372656174656473746f72696573726573756c747372756e6e696e677072
6f6365737377726974696e676f626a6563747376697369626c6577656c636f6d
6561727469636c65756e6b6e6f776e6e6574776f726b636f6d70616e7964796e
616d696362726f777365727072697661637970726f626c656d53657276696365
72657370656374646973706c6179726571756573747265736572766577656273
697465686973746f7279667269656e64736f7074696f6e73776f726b696e6776
657273696f6e6d696c6c696f6e6368616e6e656c77696e646f772e6164647265
73737669736974656477656174686572636f727265637470726f647563746564
6972656374666f7277617264796f752063616e72656d6f7665647375626a6563
74636f6e74726f6c6172636869766563757272656e7472656164696e676c6962
726172796c696d697465646d616e616765726675727468657273756d6d617279
6d616368696e656d696e7574657370726976617465636f6e7465787470726f67
72616d736f63696574796e756d626572737772697474656e656e61626c656474
726967676572736f75726365736c6f6164696e67656c656d656e74706172746e
657266696e616c6c79706572666563746d65616e696e6773797374656d736b65
6570696e6763756c747572652671756f743b2c6a6f75726e616c70726f6a6563
7473757266616365732671756f743b657870697265737265766965777362616c
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 50]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
616e6365456e676c697368436f6e74656e747468726f756768506c6561736520
6f70696e696f6e636f6e74616374617665726167657072696d61727976696c6c
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697373696f6e706f70756c61727175616c6974796d65617375726567656e6572
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65732f726561736f6e7373747564696573666561747572656c697374696e676d
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6465706c6179696e6767726f77696e676f6276696f75736f7665726c61797072
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6361706974616c576562736974656661696c757265636f6e6e65637472656475
636564416e64726f696464656361646573726567756c61722026616d703b2061
6e696d616c7372656c656173654175746f6d617467657474696e676d6574686f
64736e6f7468696e67506f70756c617263617074696f6e6c6574746572736361
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643d3126616d703b486973746f7279203d206e65772043656e7472616c757064
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7761726e696e67436f6c6c656765746f6f6c62617272656d61696e7362656361
757365656c65637465644465757473636866696e616e6365776f726b65727371
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7365536f6369657479776561706f6e7365786869626974266c743b212d2d436f
6e74726f6c636c6173736573636f76657265646f75746c696e6561747461636b
73646576696365732877696e646f77707572706f73657469746c653d224d6f62
696c65206b696c6c696e6773686f77696e674974616c69616e64726f70706564
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6d3e696e636c75646577686574686572646566696e6564536369656e63656361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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 51]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
6d656d6572676564616d6f756e7473666f756e64656470696f6e656572666f72
6d756c6164796e61737479686f7720746f20537570706f7274726576656e7565
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6566697464726976696e67537475646965736d696e696d756d70657268617073
6d6f726e696e6773656c6c696e67697320757365647265766572736576617269
616e7420726f6c653d226d697373696e676163686965766570726f6d6f746573
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6d3a65766f6c766564616c6c20746865736974656d6170656e676c6973687761
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736d75736963616c616761696e737473657276696e677d2928293b0d0a706179
6d656e7474726f75626c65636f6e63657074636f6d70617265706172656e7473
706c6179657273726567696f6e736d6f6e69746f722027275468652077696e6e
696e676578706c6f72656164617074656447616c6c65727970726f6475636561
62696c697479656e68616e636563617265657273292e2054686520636f6c6c65
637453656172636820616e6369656e7465786973746564666f6f746572206861
6e646c65727072696e746564636f6e736f6c654561737465726e6578706f7274
7377696e646f77734368616e6e656c696c6c6567616c6e65757472616c737567
676573745f6865616465727369676e696e672e68746d6c223e736574746c6564
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6963656368617074657276696374696d7354686f6d6173206d6f7a696c6c6170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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 52]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
726465723a6c697374206f66636172726965643130302c3030303c2f68333e0a
207365766572616c6265636f6d657373656c6563742077656464696e6730302e
68746d6c6d6f6e617263686f66662074686574656163686572686967686c7920
62696f6c6f67796c696665206f666f72206576656e72697365206f6626726171
756f3b706c75736f6e6568756e74696e672874686f756768446f75676c61736a
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616d76656869636c65737563682061736372797374616c76616c7565203d5769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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 53]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 54]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
65646572616c62616e6b206f6662656e65617468446573706974654361706974
616c67726f756e6473292c20616e642070657263656e7469742066726f6d636c
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793e0a65766964656e74626520757365646b6579436f64657369787465656e49
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616e6b696e67686f6d6520746f6e616d696e67204172697a6f6e616372656469
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72656574734265726e6172646173736572747374656e6420746f66616e746173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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 55]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
7a656e4920646f6e2774726574726561742e20536f6d652077772e22293b0a62
6f6d62696e676d61696c746f3a6d61646520696e2e204d616e79206361727269
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626c6520746f74617267657473657373656e636568696d20746f206974732062
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6d2063617272696572436f6d6d616e646974732075736541732077697468636f
75727365736120746869726464656e6f746573616c736f20696e486f7573746f
6e323070783b223e61636375736564646f75626c6520676f616c206f6646616d
6f757320292e62696e642870726965737473204f6e6c696e65696e204a756c79
7374202b202267636f6e73756c74646563696d616c68656c7066756c72657669
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7320616c736f737472696e677364617973206f666172726976616c6675747572
65203c6f626a656374666f7263696e67537472696e672822202f3e0a09096865
7265206973656e636f6465642e20205468652062616c6c6f6f6e646f6e652062
792f636f6d6d6f6e6267636f6c6f726c6177206f6620496e6469616e6161766f
6964656462757420746865327078203370786a71756572792e61667465722061
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 56]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
706f6c6963792e6d656e20616e64666f6f7465722d3d20747275653b666f7220
75736573637265656e2e496e6469616e20696d616765203d66616d696c792c68
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726d666163696e6720636f6f6b69652e72656c79206f6e686f73746564202e63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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 57]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
61206f666d6f7265206f667365617263685f6e61747572652c6c6567616c6c79
706572696f642c6c616e64206f666f722077697468696e647563656470726f76
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686f6f21207465726d656420736f206d616e797265616c6c7920732e20546865
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 58]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
206120776f6d616e3f76616c75653d6469726563742072696768742220626963
79636c656163696e673d2264617920616e6473746174696e675261746865722c
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7569656e73656e7469646f7669736974617374c3ad74756c6f636f6e6f636572
736567756e646f636f6e73656a6f6672616e6369616d696e75746f7373656775
6e646174656e656d6f7365666563746f736dc3a16c61676173657369c3b36e72
6576697374616772616e616461636f6d70726172696e677265736f67617263c3
ad6161636369c3b36e65637561646f72717569656e6573696e636c75736f6465
626572c3a16d617465726961686f6d627265736d756573747261706f6472c3ad
616d61c3b1616e61c3ba6c74696d61657374616d6f736f66696369616c74616d
6269656e6e696e67c3ba6e73616c75646f73706f64656d6f736d656a6f726172
706f736974696f6e627573696e657373686f6d65706167657365637572697479
6c616e67756167657374616e6461726463616d706169676e6665617475726573
63617465676f727965787465726e616c6368696c6472656e7265736572766564
726573656172636865786368616e67656661766f7269746574656d706c617465
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 59]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 60]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
616374697665223e736f6d6577686174766963746f7269615765737465726e20
207469746c653d224c6f636174696f6e636f6e747261637476697369746f7273
446f776e6c6f6164776974686f7574207269676874223e0a6d65617375726573
7769647468203d207661726961626c65696e766f6c76656476697267696e6961
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6163637572617465626972746864617973747261746567796f6666696369616c
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506572736f6e616c737065616b696e6776616c69646174656163686965766564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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 61]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
6f766572666c6f776f70696e696f6e73696c6c696e6f69736c696e6b73223e0a
093c7469746c653e76657273696f6e7373617475726461797465726d696e616c
6974656d70726f70656e67696e65657273656374696f6e7364657369676e6572
70726f706f73616c3d2266616c73652245737061c3b16f6c72656c6561736573
7375626d6974222065722671756f743b6164646974696f6e73796d70746f6d73
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73746174696f6e73686973746f72792e6c656176696e672020626f726465723d
636f6e74656e747363656e746572223e2e0a0a536f6d65206469726563746564
7375697461626c6562756c67617269612e73686f7728293b64657369676e6564
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2d383835392d3122696e64696361746566616d696c696172207175616c697479
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2d7469746c65223e706f727461626c652e6c656e67746820656c696769626c65
696e766f6c76657361746c616e7469636f6e6c6f61643d2264656661756c742e
737570706c6965647061796d656e7473676c6f73736172790a0a416674657220
67756964616e63653c2f74643e3c7464656e636f64696e676d6964646c65223e
63616d6520746f20646973706c61797373636f74746973686a6f6e617468616e
6d616a6f72697479776964676574732e636c696e6963616c746861696c616e64
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706f696e7465723b746f537472696e673c2f736d616c6c3e6f6b6c61686f6d61
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5265736f757263656c6963656e73656420287768696368202e20416674657220
636f6e73696465727669736974696e676578706c6f7265727072696d61727920
7365617263682220616e64726f696422717569636b6c79206d656574696e6773
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3c212d2d20656e643c2f7370616e3e3c3c6272202f3e0d0a5f706f707570737c
736369656e6365732c2671756f743b207175616c6974792057696e646f777320
61737369676e65646865696768743a203c6220636c6173736c652671756f743b
2076616c75653d2220436f6d70616e796578616d706c65733c696672616d6520
62656c696576657370726573656e74736d61727368616c6c70617274206f6620
70726f7065726c79292e0a0a546865207461786f6e6f6d796d756368206f6620
3c2f7370616e3e0a2220646174612d737274756775c3aa737363726f6c6c546f
2070726f6a6563743c686561643e0d0a6174746f726e6579656d706861736973
73706f6e736f727366616e6379626f78776f726c6427732077696c646c696665
636865636b65643d73657373696f6e7370726f6772616d6d70783b666f6e742d
2050726f6a6563746a6f75726e616c7362656c69657665647661636174696f6e
74686f6d70736f6e6c69676874696e67616e6420746865207370656369616c20
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 62]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
626f726465723d30636865636b696e673c2f74626f64793e3c627574746f6e20
436f6d706c657465636c6561726669780a3c686561643e0a61727469636c6520
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656e747261646173616363696f6e65736172636869766f737375706572696f72
6d61796f72c3ad61616c656d616e696166756e6369c3b36ec3ba6c74696d6f73
68616369656e646f617175656c6c6f736564696369c3b36e6665726e616e646f
616d6269656e746566616365626f6f6b6e75657374726173636c69656e746573
70726f6365736f7362617374616e746570726573656e74617265706f72746172
636f6e677265736f7075626c69636172636f6d657263696f636f6e747261746f
6ac3b376656e6573646973747269746f74c3a9636e696361636f6e6a756e746f
656e657267c3ad6174726162616a6172617374757269617372656369656e7465
7574696c697a6172626f6c6574c3ad6e73616c7661646f72636f727265637461
74726162616a6f737072696d65726f736e65676f63696f736c69626572746164
646574616c6c657370616e74616c6c617072c3b378696d6f616c6d6572c3ad61
616e696d616c6573717569c3a96e6573636f72617ac3b36e7365636369c3b36e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 63]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
62757363616e646f6f7063696f6e65736578746572696f72636f6e636570746f
746f646176c3ad6167616c6572c3ad6165736372696269726d65646963696e61
6c6963656e636961636f6e73756c74616173706563746f736372c3ad74696361
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6164656c616e746566756e63696f6e61636f6e73656a6f73646966c3ad63696c
6369756461646573616e7469677561736176616e7a61646174c3a9726d696e6f
756e69646164657373c3a16e6368657a63616d7061c3b161736f66746f6e6963
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666163756c7461646372c3a96469746f6469766572736173737570756573746f
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d18dd182d0bed0bcd095d181d0bbd0b8d182d0bed0b3d0bed0bcd0b5d0bdd18f
d0b2d181d0b5d185d18dd182d0bed0b9d0b4d0b0d0b6d0b5d0b1d18bd0bbd0b8
d0b3d0bed0b4d183d0b4d0b5d0bdd18cd18dd182d0bed182d0b1d18bd0bbd0b0
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d985d8b9d986d8a7d8a7d8a8d8add8abd8b9d8b1d988d8b6d8a8d8b4d983d984
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 64]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
d985d8b3d8acd984d8a8d986d8a7d986d8aed8a7d984d8afd983d8aad8a7d8a8
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2074686520657373656e7469616c66696e616e6369616c73656c656374696f6e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 65]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
616374696f6e3d222f6162616e646f6e6564456475636174696f6e7061727365
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6f76656d626572203c2f7374796c653e3c6675726e6974757265496e7465726e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 66]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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6973696e63726561736573646f776e2074686520726571756972696e67646570
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 67]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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626265616e616c6c6f7720746865646973747269637473776973636f6e73696e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 68]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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8d65c5a174696e61e0b984e0b897e0b8a2e697a5e69cace8aa9ee7ae80e4bd93
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 69]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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b5e0a58be0a49fe0a4a6e0a587e0a482e0a485e0a497e0a4b0e0a490e0a4b8e0
a587e0a4aee0a587e0a4b2e0a4b2e0a497e0a4bee0a4b9e0a4bee0a4b2e0a48a
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 70]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
e0a4aae0a4b0e0a49ae0a4bee0a4b0e0a490e0a4b8e0a4bee0a4a6e0a587e0a4
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67726f756e646f7574206f6620746865656e7465727072697365282268747470
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466f756e646174696f6e7075626c697368657222617373756d7074696f6e696e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 71]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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696369746c79696e7374656164206f6664696d656e73696f6e73206f6e436c69
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74696f6e7669736962696c69747974686520757365206f66766f6c756e746565
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 72]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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2a3c215b43444154415b696d706f7274616e6365696e2067656e6572616c7468
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7374796c652e637373220966756e6374696f6e20696e6e6f766174696f6e3e43
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6e63657074206f66206f6e636c69636b3d22497420697320616c736f66696e61
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6f6e616c6172652063616c6c6564656e676167656420696e2273637269707422
293b62757420697420776173656c656374726f6e69636f6e7375626d69743d22
0a3c212d2d20456e6420656c656374726963616c6f6666696369616c6c797375
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72616c69616e4f726967696e616c6c797265666572656e6365730a3c2f686561
643e0d0a7265636f676e69736564696e697469616c697a656c696d6974656420
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696f6e28616476616e74616765736265696e672074686520686973746f726961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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 73]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
6c656420746f70726f706167616e6461636f6e74726f6c6c6564696e666c7565
6e636573636572656d6f6e69616c70726f636c61696d656450726f7465637469
6f6e6c6920636c6173733d22536369656e7469666963636c6173733d226e6f2d
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616c732077697468537461746973746963736f6363757272656e63652f756c3e
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6d73726561736f6e61626c65506f70756c6174696f6e436f6c6c656374696f6e
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616e642074686520737263456c656d656e747375636365737369766573696e63
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61743c2f7370616e3e0a0909636f6d706c61696e7473636f6e74696e756f7573
7175616e746974696573617374726f6e6f6d6572686520646964206e6f746475
6520746f206974736170706c69656420746f616e20617665726167656566666f
72747320746f74686520667574757265617474656d707420746f546865726566
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6564456c656374726f6e69636b696c6f6d65746572736368616c6c656e676573
7075626c697368696e6774686520666f726d6572696e646967656e6f75736469
72656374696f6e7373756273696469617279636f6e7370697261637964657461
696c73206f66616e6420696e207468656166666f726461626c65737562737461
6e636573726561736f6e20666f72636f6e76656e74696f6e6974656d74797065
3d226162736f6c7574656c79737570706f7365646c7972656d61696e65642061
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 74]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
6174747261637469766574726176656c6c696e6773657061726174656c79666f
6375736573206f6e656c656d656e746172796170706c696361626c65666f756e
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72696e677265706f727465646c79746865206d6f6465726e776f726b696e6720
6f6e616c6c6f77656420746f77686572652074686520696e6e6f766174697665
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72696374656461646f7074656420627961646472657373696e677468656f6c6f
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 75]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
6769616e6d6574686f6473206f6676617269616e74206f664368726973746961
6e2076657279206c617267656175746f6d6f7469766562792066617220746865
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d0b5d0b7d0bcd0bed0b3d183d182d181d0b0d0b9d182d0b0d0b6d0b8d0b7d0bd
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d0b7d0b4d0b5d181d18cd0b2d0b8d0b4d0b5d0bed181d0b2d18fd0b7d0b8d0bd
d183d0b6d0bdd0bed181d0b2d0bed0b5d0b9d0bbd18ed0b4d0b5d0b9d0bfd0be
d180d0bdd0bed0bcd0bdd0bed0b3d0bed0b4d0b5d182d0b5d0b9d181d0b2d0be
d0b8d185d0bfd180d0b0d0b2d0b0d182d0b0d0bad0bed0b9d0bcd0b5d181d182
d0bed0b8d0bcd0b5d0b5d182d0b6d0b8d0b7d0bdd18cd0bed0b4d0bdd0bed0b9
d0bbd183d187d188d0b5d0bfd0b5d180d0b5d0b4d187d0b0d181d182d0b8d187
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 76]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
d0b0d181d182d18cd180d0b0d0b1d0bed182d0bdd0bed0b2d18bd185d0bfd180
d0b0d0b2d0bed181d0bed0b1d0bed0b9d0bfd0bed182d0bed0bcd0bcd0b5d0bd
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d8aad8a7d8a8d8a9d8a7d984d8aed98ad8b1d8b1d8b3d8a7d8a6d984d8a7d984
d982d984d8a8d8a7d984d8a3d8afd8a8d985d982d8a7d8b7d8b9d985d8b1d8a7
d8b3d984d985d986d8b7d982d8a9d8a7d984d983d8aad8a8d8a7d984d8b1d8ac
d984d8a7d8b4d8aad8b1d983d8a7d984d982d8afd985d98ad8b9d8b7d98ad983
7342795461674e616d65282e6a70672220616c743d2231707820736f6c696420
232e6769662220616c743d227472616e73706172656e74696e666f726d617469
6f6e6170706c69636174696f6e22206f6e636c69636b3d2265737461626c6973
6865646164766572746973696e672e706e672220616c743d22656e7669726f6e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 77]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
6d656e74706572666f726d616e6365617070726f70726961746526616d703b6d
646173683b696d6d6564696174656c793c2f7374726f6e673e3c2f7261746865
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62736572766174696f6e6d61696e74656e616e6365656e636f756e7465726564
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737472696e672865616368206f66207468656578706572696d656e7473696e66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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 78]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
67207372633d222f3c683120636c6173733d227075626c69636174696f6e6d61
7920616c736f2062657370656369616c697a65643c2f6669656c647365743e70
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73736f726965736272616e63686573206f660d0a3c6469762069643d22746865
206c6172676573746465636c61726174696f6e726567756c6174696f6e73496e
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6163726f737320746865206f7269656e746174696f6e293b3c2f736372697074
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616e743b70783b206d617267696e2d666f6c6c6f7765642062796162696c6974
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696e6374696f6e7265706c61636564206279676f7665726e6d656e74736c6f63
6174696f6e206f66696e204e6f76656d62657277686574686572207468653c2f
703e0a3c2f6469763e6163717569736974696f6e63616c6c6564207468652070
65727365637574696f6e64657369676e6174696f6e7b666f6e742d73697a653a
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7920746f696e6861626974616e7473696d70726f76656d656e747363686f6c61
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63757272656e746120736572696573206f6661726520757375616c6c79726f6c
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6964656e6365206f66657870657269656e636573636f6c6f72736368656d6573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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 79]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
20636f6d70696c6174696f6e686520686164206265656e70726f647563656420
62797068696c6f736f70686572636f6e7374727563746564696e74656e646564
20746f616d6f6e67206f74686572636f6d706172656420746f746f2073617920
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6772617068736964656e74696679696e67486973746f7279206f662052657075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656e7469666963206c656769736c61747572652e696e6e657248544d4c20616c
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65617070656172616e6365732c20776869636820697320666f756e646174696f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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 80]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
656420746f64657363656e64616e7473617265206c6f63617465646c65676973
6c617469766567656e65726174696f6e73206261636b67726f756e646d6f7374
2070656f706c6579656172732061667465727468657265206973206e6f746865
20686967686573746672657175656e746c79207468657920646f206e6f746172
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68656f6c6f676963616c6279207468652074696d65636f6e7369646572696e67
73686f72742d6c697665643c2f7370616e3e3c2f613e63616e20626520757365
6476657279206c6974746c656f6e65206f66207468652068616420616c726561
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206f66676f7665726e6d656e742c3c2f6e6f7363726970743e656e7465726564
2074686522206865696768743d2233496e646570656e64656e74706f70756c61
74696f6e736c617267652d7363616c652e20416c74686f756768207573656420
696e207468656465737472756374696f6e706f73736962696c69747973746172
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6f7074696f6e3e0d0a436f6e74696e656e74616c656c696d696e6174696e6777
696c6c206e6f742062657072616374696365206f66696e2066726f6e74206f66
73697465206f6620746865656e737572652074686174746f2063726561746520
616d69737369737369707069706f74656e7469616c6c796f75747374616e6469
6e67626574746572207468616e77686174206973206e6f777369747561746564
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696f6e735472616e736c6174696f6e74686520666f726d206f6661746d6f7370
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3c6c696e6b2072656c3d225468697320697320746865203c6120687265663d22
2f706f70756c6172697a6564696e766f6c76656420696e617265207573656420
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2062656c696b656c79207468617450616c657374696e69616e6e616d65642061
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657220746f6275742074686973206973636f6e736563757469766574656d706f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 & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 81]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
636f756e7420666f72616c69676e3d726967687474686520636f6d70616e7961
6c77617973206265656e72657475726e656420746f696e766f6c76656d656e74
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2e7265706c6163652074686562726f756768742074686563616c63756c617469
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 82]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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67682069747761732070617274206f66616e6420766172696f7573476f766572
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 83]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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6c6963616369c3b36e636f6e7472617365c3b16163617465676f72c3ad617372
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 84]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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726567c3ad7374726174657365637265746172c3ad617072696e636970616c65
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763e3c2f6469763e456e676c6973682028555329617070656e644368696c6428
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 85]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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656e63652220746162696e6465783d22666c6f61743a72696768743b436f6d6d
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677265656d656e74746578742d616c69676e3a722c2066756e6374696f6e2829
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6e746c79616c7068616265746963616c697320736f6d6574696d657374797065
3d22696d6167652f6d616e79206f662074686520666c6f773a68696464656e3b
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20636c6173733d22696e7374616c6c6174696f6e6e65696768626f72686f6f64
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 86]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
61726d656420666f726365737265647563696e6720746865636f6e74696e7565
7320746f4e6f6e657468656c6573732c74656d7065726174757265730a09093c
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6261736564206f6e616e6420626563616d652061266e6273703b266e6273703b
74222076616c75653d2222207761732063617074757265646e6f206d6f726520
7468616e726573706563746976656c79636f6e74696e756520746f203e0d0a3c
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656e742074686520496d70657269616c636f6d706f6e656e74206f66746f2074
6865206e6f727468696e636c7564652074686520436f6e737472756374696f6e
73696465206f662074686520776f756c64206e6f74206265666f7220696e7374
616e6365696e76656e74696f6e206f666d6f726520636f6d706c6578636f6c6c
6563746976656c796261636b67726f756e643a20746578742d616c69676e3a20
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 87]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
697473206f726967696e616c696e746f206163636f756e74746869732070726f
63657373616e20657874656e73697665686f77657665722c2074686574686579
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696d706c6965732074686174696e76656e74656420746865746865207374616e
646172647761732070726f6261626c796c696e6b206265747765656e70726f66
6573736f72206f66696e746572616374696f6e736368616e67696e6720746865
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207468657374617274206f66207468650a3c2f7363726970743e0a0a616e2065
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6e6f742068617665636f6e73657175656e746c79666f7220746865206e657874
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 88]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
657874656e73696f6e206f6665636f6e6f6d696320616e64616c74686f756768
207468656172652070726f6475636564616e64207769746820746865696e7375
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676e6564636f72706f726174696f6e737761732074686174207468656f6e6520
6f662074686573656d6f726520706f70756c617273756363656564656420696e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 89]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
737570706f72742066726f6d696e20646966666572656e74646f6d696e617465
6420627964657369676e656420666f726f776e657273686970206f66616e6420
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d0b2d0b0d181d182d180d0b0d0bdd18bd0bdd0b8d187d0b5d0b3d0bed180d0b0
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d182d0b5d0bfd0b5d180d18cd09ed0b4d0bdd0b0d0bad0bed0bfd0bed182d0be
d0bcd183d180d0b0d0b1d0bed182d183d0b0d0bfd180d0b5d0bbd18fd0b2d0be
d0bed0b1d189d0b5d0bed0b4d0bdd0bed0b3d0bed181d0b2d0bed0b5d0b3d0be
d181d182d0b0d182d18cd0b8d0b4d180d183d0b3d0bed0b9d184d0bed180d183
d0bcd0b5d185d0bed180d0bed188d0bed0bfd180d0bed182d0b8d0b2d181d181
d18bd0bbd0bad0b0d0bad0b0d0b6d0b4d18bd0b9d0b2d0bbd0b0d181d182d0b8
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 90]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
d0b3d180d183d0bfd0bfd18bd0b2d0bcd0b5d181d182d0b5d180d0b0d0b1d0be
d182d0b0d181d0bad0b0d0b7d0b0d0bbd0bfd0b5d180d0b2d18bd0b9d0b4d0b5
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 91]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 92]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 93]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 94]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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6c6c6174696f6e6e656365737361727920666f727265706f7274656420746861
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 95]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
7473706563696669636174696f6e706f6c69746963616c20616e64266e627370
3b266e6273703b3c7265666572656e63657320746f7468652073616d65207965
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69736865646c6f6164436861727462656174746f20756e6465727374616e646d
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 96]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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616c66206f66636f756e747269657320616e646172636869746563747572616c
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64696e6720746f2068696464656e22206e616d653d22616c6f6e672077697468
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 97]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
20746865646f63756d656e742e626f64792e617070726f78696d6174656c7920
436f6d6d756e69636174696f6e73706f73742220616374696f6e3d226d65616e
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7263656e74206f662074686522202f3e3c2f613e3c2f6469763e636f6c6c6563
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 98]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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207468656163636570742d63686172736574746f20626520636f6e6675736564
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726f756e6473776869636820636f6e7461696e73696e636c7564696e67207468
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6e74776869636820696e636c75646573776869636820686164206265656e6465
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 99]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
737472756374696f6e206f6674686520706f70756c6174696f6e0a093c646976
20636c6173733d22706f73736962696c697479206f66736f6d6574696d657320
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3d226e6f2220697320636f6d706f736564206f6649492c20486f6c7920526f6d
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 100]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 101]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
d985d98ad985d8a7d984d8a7d8b9d8b6d8a7d8a1d8a7d984d986d8aad8a7d8a6
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7479206f662220616c69676e3d2263656e74657272656c6174656420746f2074
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 102]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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6873696d696c617220746f20746865202f3e0a3c6c696e6b2072656c3d227377
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a496e0a58be0a49ce0a587e0a482e0a49ae0a4bee0a4b9e0a4bfe0a48fe0a4ad
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 103]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 104]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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d8a7d984d985d983d8aad988d8a8d8a9d8a7d984d8b3d8b9d988d8afd98ad8a9
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 105]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
d8a7d8add8b5d8a7d8a6d98ad8a7d8aad8a7d984d8b9d8a7d984d985d98ad8a9
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73636c617373696669636174696f6e206f6663616e20626520636f6e73696465
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 106]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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2c207468656d696c6c696f6e2079656172732061676f3c2f626f64793e0d0a3c
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703b223e3c6120687265663d22687474703a2f2f7374796c653d22666c6f6174
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 107]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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2532462532467777772e696e20706f70756c61722063756c7475726574797065
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 108]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 109]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 110]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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436f6c756d626961686173206265656e20637269746963697a65642877697468
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 111]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 112]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 113]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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616c75653d222f613e266e6273703b3c7370616e20726f6c653d22730a3c696e
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 114]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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432f2f4454442048544d4c20342e30312054656e747342795461674e616d6528
Alakuijala & Szabadka Expires April 6, 2016 [Page 115]
Internet-Draft Brotli October 2015
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3c73637269707420747970653d22746578742f6a6176617322207374796c653d
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9ce0a58de0a49ee0a4bee0a4aae0a4a8e0a495e0a4bee0a4b0e0a58de0a4b0e0
a4b5e0a4bee0a488e0a4b8e0a495e0a58de0a4b0e0a4bfe0a4afe0a4a4e0a4be
The number of words for each length is given by the following
bit-depth array:
NDBITS := 0, 0, 0, 0, 10, 10, 11, 11, 10, 10,
10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 7, 7, 8, 7,
7, 6, 6, 5, 5
Appendix B. List of word transformations
The string literals are in C format, with respect to the use of
backslash escape characters.
In order to generate a length and check value, the transforms can be
converted to a series of bytes, where each transform is the prefix
sequence of bytes plus a terminating zero byte, a single byte value
identifying the transform, and the suffix sequence of bytes plus a
terminating zero. The value for the transforms are 0 for Identity, 1 for
UppercaseFirst, 2 for UppercaseAll, 3 to 11 for OmitFirst1 to
OmitFirst9, and 12 to 20 for OmitLast1 to OmitLast9. The byte sequences
that represent the 121 transforms are then concatenated to a single
sequence of bytes. The length of that sequence is 648 bytes, and the
zlib CRC is 0x3d965f81.
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ID Prefix Transform Suffix
-- ------ --------- ------
0 "" Identity ""
1 "" Identity " "
2 " " Identity " "
3 "" OmitFirst1 ""
4 "" UppercaseFirst " "
5 "" Identity " the "
6 " " Identity ""
7 "s " Identity " "
8 "" Identity " of "
9 "" UppercaseFirst ""
10 "" Identity " and "
11 "" OmitFirst2 ""
12 "" OmitLast1 ""
13 ", " Identity " "
14 "" Identity ", "
15 " " UppercaseFirst " "
16 "" Identity " in "
17 "" Identity " to "
18 "e " Identity " "
19 "" Identity "\""
20 "" Identity "."
21 "" Identity "\">"
22 "" Identity "\n"
23 "" OmitLast3 ""
24 "" Identity "]"
25 "" Identity " for "
26 "" OmitFirst3 ""
27 "" OmitLast2 ""
28 "" Identity " a "
29 "" Identity " that "
30 " " UppercaseFirst ""
31 "" Identity ". "
32 "." Identity ""
33 " " Identity ", "
34 "" OmitFirst4 ""
35 "" Identity " with "
36 "" Identity "'"
37 "" Identity " from "
38 "" Identity " by "
39 "" OmitFirst5 ""
40 "" OmitFirst6 ""
41 " the " Identity ""
42 "" OmitLast4 ""
43 "" Identity ". The "
44 "" UppercaseAll ""
45 "" Identity " on "
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46 "" Identity " as "
47 "" Identity " is "
48 "" OmitLast7 ""
49 "" OmitLast1 "ing "
50 "" Identity "\n\t"
51 "" Identity ":"
52 " " Identity ". "
53 "" Identity "ed "
54 "" OmitFirst9 ""
55 "" OmitFirst7 ""
56 "" OmitLast6 ""
57 "" Identity "("
58 "" UppercaseFirst ", "
59 "" OmitLast8 ""
60 "" Identity " at "
61 "" Identity "ly "
62 " the " Identity " of "
63 "" OmitLast5 ""
64 "" OmitLast9 ""
65 " " UppercaseFirst ", "
66 "" UppercaseFirst "\""
67 "." Identity "("
68 "" UppercaseAll " "
69 "" UppercaseFirst "\">"
70 "" Identity "=\""
71 " " Identity "."
72 ".com/" Identity ""
73 " the " Identity " of the "
74 "" UppercaseFirst "'"
75 "" Identity ". This "
76 "" Identity ","
77 "." Identity " "
78 "" UppercaseFirst "("
79 "" UppercaseFirst "."
80 "" Identity " not "
81 " " Identity "=\""
82 "" Identity "er "
83 " " UppercaseAll " "
84 "" Identity "al "
85 " " UppercaseAll ""
86 "" Identity "='"
87 "" UppercaseAll "\""
88 "" UppercaseFirst ". "
89 " " Identity "("
90 "" Identity "ful "
91 " " UppercaseFirst ". "
92 "" Identity "ive "
93 "" Identity "less "
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94 "" UppercaseAll "'"
95 "" Identity "est "
96 " " UppercaseFirst "."
97 "" UppercaseAll "\">"
98 " " Identity "='"
99 "" UppercaseFirst ","
100 "" Identity "ize "
101 "" UppercaseAll "."
102 "\xc2\xa0" Identity ""
103 " " Identity ","
104 "" UppercaseFirst "=\""
105 "" UppercaseAll "=\""
106 "" Identity "ous "
107 "" UppercaseAll ", "
108 "" UppercaseFirst "='"
109 " " UppercaseFirst ","
110 " " UppercaseAll "=\""
111 " " UppercaseAll ", "
112 "" UppercaseAll ","
113 "" UppercaseAll "("
114 "" UppercaseAll ". "
115 " " UppercaseAll "."
116 "" UppercaseAll "='"
117 " " UppercaseAll ". "
118 " " UppercaseFirst "=\""
119 " " UppercaseAll "='"
120 " " UppercaseFirst "='"
Authors' Addresses
Jyrki Alakuijala
Google, Inc
Email: jyrki@google.com
Zoltan Szabadka
Google, Inc
Email: szabadka@google.com
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