Merge tag 'pull-9p-20221024' of https://github.com/cschoenebeck/qemu into staging

9pfs: performance, Windows host prep, tests restructure

* Highlight of this PR is Linus Heckemann's GHashTable patch which
  brings massive general performance improvements of 9p server
  somewhere between factor 6 .. 12.

* Bin Meng's g_mkdir patch is a preparatory patch for upcoming
  Windows host support of 9p server.

* The rest of the patches in this PR are 9p test code restructuring
  and refactoring changes to improve readability and to ease
  maintenance of 9p test code on the long-term.

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# gpg: Signature made Mon 24 Oct 2022 06:54:07 EDT
# gpg:                using RSA key 96D8D110CF7AF8084F88590134C2B58765A47395
# gpg:                issuer "qemu_oss@crudebyte.com"
# gpg: Good signature from "Christian Schoenebeck <qemu_oss@crudebyte.com>" [unknown]
# gpg: WARNING: The key's User ID is not certified with a trusted signature!
# gpg:          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
# Primary key fingerprint: ECAB 1A45 4014 1413 BA38  4926 30DB 47C3 A012 D5F4
#      Subkey fingerprint: 96D8 D110 CF7A F808 4F88  5901 34C2 B587 65A4 7395

* tag 'pull-9p-20221024' of https://github.com/cschoenebeck/qemu: (23 commits)
  tests/9p: remove unnecessary g_strdup() calls
  tests/9p: merge v9fs_tunlinkat() and do_unlinkat()
  tests/9p: merge v9fs_tlink() and do_hardlink()
  tests/9p: merge v9fs_tsymlink() and do_symlink()
  tests/9p: merge v9fs_tlcreate() and do_lcreate()
  tests/9p: merge v9fs_tmkdir() and do_mkdir()
  tests/9p: convert v9fs_tflush() to declarative arguments
  tests/9p: simplify callers of twrite()
  tests/9p: convert v9fs_twrite() to declarative arguments
  tests/9p: simplify callers of tlopen()
  tests/9p: convert v9fs_tlopen() to declarative arguments
  tests/9p: simplify callers of treaddir()
  tests/9p: convert v9fs_treaddir() to declarative arguments
  tests/9p: simplify callers of tgetattr()
  tests/9p: convert v9fs_tgetattr() to declarative arguments
  tests/9p: simplify callers of tattach()
  tests/9p: merge v9fs_tattach(), do_attach(), do_attach_rqid()
  tests/9p: merge v9fs_tversion() and do_version()
  tests/9p: simplify callers of twalk()
  tests/9p: merge *walk*() functions
  ...

Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi <stefanha@redhat.com>

7 files changed, 1867 insertions, 1177 deletions

diff --git a/fsdev/virtfs-proxy-helper.c b/fsdev/virtfs-proxy-helper.c
index 2dde279..5cafcd7 100644
--- a/fsdev/virtfs-proxy-helper.c
+++ b/fsdev/virtfs-proxy-helper.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include <glib/gstdio.h>
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
 #include <syslog.h>
@@ -639,7 +640,7 @@ static int do_create_others(int type, struct iovec *iovec)
         if (retval < 0) {
             goto err_out;
         }
-        retval = mkdir(path.data, mode);
+        retval = g_mkdir(path.data, mode);
         break;
     case T_SYMLINK:
         retval = proxy_unmarshal(iovec, offset, "ss", &oldpath, &path);
diff --git a/hw/9pfs/9p.c b/hw/9pfs/9p.c
index aebadea..9bf1313 100644
--- a/hw/9pfs/9p.c
+++ b/hw/9pfs/9p.c
@@ -256,7 +256,8 @@ static size_t v9fs_string_size(V9fsString *str)
 }
 
 /*
- * returns 0 if fid got re-opened, 1 if not, < 0 on error */
+ * returns 0 if fid got re-opened, 1 if not, < 0 on error
+ */
 static int coroutine_fn v9fs_reopen_fid(V9fsPDU *pdu, V9fsFidState *f)
 {
     int err = 1;
@@ -282,33 +283,32 @@ static V9fsFidState *coroutine_fn get_fid(V9fsPDU *pdu, int32_t fid)
     V9fsFidState *f;
     V9fsState *s = pdu->s;
 
-    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(f, &s->fid_list, next) {
+    f = g_hash_table_lookup(s->fids, GINT_TO_POINTER(fid));
+    if (f) {
         BUG_ON(f->clunked);
-        if (f->fid == fid) {
-            /*
-             * Update the fid ref upfront so that
-             * we don't get reclaimed when we yield
-             * in open later.
-             */
-            f->ref++;
-            /*
-             * check whether we need to reopen the
-             * file. We might have closed the fd
-             * while trying to free up some file
-             * descriptors.
-             */
-            err = v9fs_reopen_fid(pdu, f);
-            if (err < 0) {
-                f->ref--;
-                return NULL;
-            }
-            /*
-             * Mark the fid as referenced so that the LRU
-             * reclaim won't close the file descriptor
-             */
-            f->flags |= FID_REFERENCED;
-            return f;
+        /*
+         * Update the fid ref upfront so that
+         * we don't get reclaimed when we yield
+         * in open later.
+         */
+        f->ref++;
+        /*
+         * check whether we need to reopen the
+         * file. We might have closed the fd
+         * while trying to free up some file
+         * descriptors.
+         */
+        err = v9fs_reopen_fid(pdu, f);
+        if (err < 0) {
+            f->ref--;
+            return NULL;
         }
+        /*
+         * Mark the fid as referenced so that the LRU
+         * reclaim won't close the file descriptor
+         */
+        f->flags |= FID_REFERENCED;
+        return f;
     }
     return NULL;
 }
@@ -317,12 +317,11 @@ static V9fsFidState *alloc_fid(V9fsState *s, int32_t fid)
 {
     V9fsFidState *f;
 
-    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(f, &s->fid_list, next) {
+    f = g_hash_table_lookup(s->fids, GINT_TO_POINTER(fid));
+    if (f) {
         /* If fid is already there return NULL */
         BUG_ON(f->clunked);
-        if (f->fid == fid) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
+        return NULL;
     }
     f = g_new0(V9fsFidState, 1);
     f->fid = fid;
@@ -333,7 +332,7 @@ static V9fsFidState *alloc_fid(V9fsState *s, int32_t fid)
      * reclaim won't close the file descriptor
      */
     f->flags |= FID_REFERENCED;
-    QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&s->fid_list, f, next);
+    g_hash_table_insert(s->fids, GINT_TO_POINTER(fid), f);
 
     v9fs_readdir_init(s->proto_version, &f->fs.dir);
     v9fs_readdir_init(s->proto_version, &f->fs_reclaim.dir);
@@ -424,12 +423,12 @@ static V9fsFidState *clunk_fid(V9fsState *s, int32_t fid)
 {
     V9fsFidState *fidp;
 
-    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(fidp, &s->fid_list, next) {
-        if (fidp->fid == fid) {
-            QSIMPLEQ_REMOVE(&s->fid_list, fidp, V9fsFidState, next);
-            fidp->clunked = true;
-            return fidp;
-        }
+    /* TODO: Use g_hash_table_steal_extended() instead? */
+    fidp = g_hash_table_lookup(s->fids, GINT_TO_POINTER(fid));
+    if (fidp) {
+        g_hash_table_remove(s->fids, GINT_TO_POINTER(fid));
+        fidp->clunked = true;
+        return fidp;
     }
     return NULL;
 }
@@ -439,10 +438,15 @@ void coroutine_fn v9fs_reclaim_fd(V9fsPDU *pdu)
     int reclaim_count = 0;
     V9fsState *s = pdu->s;
     V9fsFidState *f;
+    GHashTableIter iter;
+    gpointer fid;
+
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, s->fids);
+
     QSLIST_HEAD(, V9fsFidState) reclaim_list =
         QSLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(reclaim_list);
 
-    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(f, &s->fid_list, next) {
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, &fid, (gpointer *) &f)) {
         /*
          * Unlink fids cannot be reclaimed. Check
          * for them and skip them. Also skip fids
@@ -514,72 +518,85 @@ void coroutine_fn v9fs_reclaim_fd(V9fsPDU *pdu)
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * This is used when a path is removed from the directory tree. Any
+ * fids that still reference it must not be closed from then on, since
+ * they cannot be reopened.
+ */
 static int coroutine_fn v9fs_mark_fids_unreclaim(V9fsPDU *pdu, V9fsPath *path)
 {
-    int err;
+    int err = 0;
     V9fsState *s = pdu->s;
-    V9fsFidState *fidp, *fidp_next;
+    V9fsFidState *fidp;
+    gpointer fid;
+    GHashTableIter iter;
+    /*
+     * The most common case is probably that we have exactly one
+     * fid for the given path, so preallocate exactly one.
+     */
+    g_autoptr(GArray) to_reopen = g_array_sized_new(FALSE, FALSE,
+            sizeof(V9fsFidState *), 1);
+    gint i;
 
-    fidp = QSIMPLEQ_FIRST(&s->fid_list);
-    if (!fidp) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, s->fids);
 
     /*
-     * v9fs_reopen_fid() can yield : a reference on the fid must be held
-     * to ensure its pointer remains valid and we can safely pass it to
-     * QSIMPLEQ_NEXT(). The corresponding put_fid() can also yield so
-     * we must keep a reference on the next fid as well. So the logic here
-     * is to get a reference on a fid and only put it back during the next
-     * iteration after we could get a reference on the next fid. Start with
-     * the first one.
+     * We iterate over the fid table looking for the entries we need
+     * to reopen, and store them in to_reopen. This is because
+     * v9fs_reopen_fid() and put_fid() yield. This allows the fid table
+     * to be modified in the meantime, invalidating our iterator.
      */
-    for (fidp->ref++; fidp; fidp = fidp_next) {
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, &fid, (gpointer *) &fidp)) {
         if (fidp->path.size == path->size &&
             !memcmp(fidp->path.data, path->data, path->size)) {
-            /* Mark the fid non reclaimable. */
-            fidp->flags |= FID_NON_RECLAIMABLE;
-
-            /* reopen the file/dir if already closed */
-            err = v9fs_reopen_fid(pdu, fidp);
-            if (err < 0) {
-                put_fid(pdu, fidp);
-                return err;
-            }
-        }
-
-        fidp_next = QSIMPLEQ_NEXT(fidp, next);
-
-        if (fidp_next) {
             /*
-             * Ensure the next fid survives a potential clunk request during
-             * put_fid() below and v9fs_reopen_fid() in the next iteration.
+             * Ensure the fid survives a potential clunk request during
+             * v9fs_reopen_fid or put_fid.
              */
-            fidp_next->ref++;
+            fidp->ref++;
+            fidp->flags |= FID_NON_RECLAIMABLE;
+            g_array_append_val(to_reopen, fidp);
         }
+    }
 
-        /* We're done with this fid */
-        put_fid(pdu, fidp);
+    for (i = 0; i < to_reopen->len; i++) {
+        fidp = g_array_index(to_reopen, V9fsFidState*, i);
+        /* reopen the file/dir if already closed */
+        err = v9fs_reopen_fid(pdu, fidp);
+        if (err < 0) {
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
-    return 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < to_reopen->len; i++) {
+        put_fid(pdu, g_array_index(to_reopen, V9fsFidState*, i));
+    }
+    return err;
 }
 
 static void coroutine_fn virtfs_reset(V9fsPDU *pdu)
 {
     V9fsState *s = pdu->s;
     V9fsFidState *fidp;
+    GList *freeing;
+    /*
+     * Get a list of all the values (fid states) in the table, which
+     * we then...
+     */
+    g_autoptr(GList) fids = g_hash_table_get_values(s->fids);
 
-    /* Free all fids */
-    while (!QSIMPLEQ_EMPTY(&s->fid_list)) {
-        /* Get fid */
-        fidp = QSIMPLEQ_FIRST(&s->fid_list);
-        fidp->ref++;
+    /* ... remove from the table, taking over ownership. */
+    g_hash_table_steal_all(s->fids);
 
-        /* Clunk fid */
-        QSIMPLEQ_REMOVE(&s->fid_list, fidp, V9fsFidState, next);
+    /*
+     * This allows us to release our references to them asynchronously without
+     * iterating over the hash table and risking iterator invalidation
+     * through concurrent modifications.
+     */
+    for (freeing = fids; freeing; freeing = freeing->next) {
+        fidp = freeing->data;
+        fidp->ref++;
         fidp->clunked = true;
-
         put_fid(pdu, fidp);
     }
 }
@@ -3205,6 +3222,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn v9fs_complete_rename(V9fsPDU *pdu, V9fsFidState *fidp,
     V9fsFidState *tfidp;
     V9fsState *s = pdu->s;
     V9fsFidState *dirfidp = NULL;
+    GHashTableIter iter;
+    gpointer fid;
 
     v9fs_path_init(&new_path);
     if (newdirfid != -1) {
@@ -3238,11 +3257,13 @@ static int coroutine_fn v9fs_complete_rename(V9fsPDU *pdu, V9fsFidState *fidp,
     if (err < 0) {
         goto out;
     }
+
     /*
      * Fixup fid's pointing to the old name to
      * start pointing to the new name
      */
-    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(tfidp, &s->fid_list, next) {
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, s->fids);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, &fid, (gpointer *) &tfidp)) {
         if (v9fs_path_is_ancestor(&fidp->path, &tfidp->path)) {
             /* replace the name */
             v9fs_fix_path(&tfidp->path, &new_path, strlen(fidp->path.data));
@@ -3320,6 +3341,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn v9fs_fix_fid_paths(V9fsPDU *pdu, V9fsPath *olddir,
     V9fsPath oldpath, newpath;
     V9fsState *s = pdu->s;
     int err;
+    GHashTableIter iter;
+    gpointer fid;
 
     v9fs_path_init(&oldpath);
     v9fs_path_init(&newpath);
@@ -3336,7 +3359,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn v9fs_fix_fid_paths(V9fsPDU *pdu, V9fsPath *olddir,
      * Fixup fid's pointing to the old name to
      * start pointing to the new name
      */
-    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(tfidp, &s->fid_list, next) {
+    g_hash_table_iter_init(&iter, s->fids);
+    while (g_hash_table_iter_next(&iter, &fid, (gpointer *) &tfidp)) {
         if (v9fs_path_is_ancestor(&oldpath, &tfidp->path)) {
             /* replace the name */
             v9fs_fix_path(&tfidp->path, &newpath, strlen(oldpath.data));
@@ -4226,7 +4250,7 @@ int v9fs_device_realize_common(V9fsState *s, const V9fsTransport *t,
     s->ctx.fmode = fse->fmode;
     s->ctx.dmode = fse->dmode;
 
-    QSIMPLEQ_INIT(&s->fid_list);
+    s->fids = g_hash_table_new(NULL, NULL);
     qemu_co_rwlock_init(&s->rename_lock);
 
     if (s->ops->init(&s->ctx, errp) < 0) {
@@ -4286,6 +4310,10 @@ void v9fs_device_unrealize_common(V9fsState *s)
     if (s->ctx.fst) {
         fsdev_throttle_cleanup(s->ctx.fst);
     }
+    if (s->fids) {
+        g_hash_table_destroy(s->fids);
+        s->fids = NULL;
+    }
     g_free(s->tag);
     qp_table_destroy(&s->qpd_table);
     qp_table_destroy(&s->qpp_table);
diff --git a/hw/9pfs/9p.h b/hw/9pfs/9p.h
index a523ac3..2fce414 100644
--- a/hw/9pfs/9p.h
+++ b/hw/9pfs/9p.h
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ typedef struct {
 struct V9fsState {
     QLIST_HEAD(, V9fsPDU) free_list;
     QLIST_HEAD(, V9fsPDU) active_list;
-    QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(, V9fsFidState) fid_list;
+    GHashTable *fids;
     FileOperations *ops;
     FsContext ctx;
     char *tag;
diff --git a/tests/qtest/libqos/meson.build b/tests/qtest/libqos/meson.build
index a5b6d51..113c80b 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/libqos/meson.build
+++ b/tests/qtest/libqos/meson.build
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ libqos_srcs = files(
         'tpci200.c',
         'virtio.c',
         'virtio-9p.c',
+        'virtio-9p-client.c',
         'virtio-balloon.c',
         'virtio-blk.c',
         'vhost-user-blk.c',
diff --git a/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-9p-client.c b/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-9p-client.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4a368e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-9p-client.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1049 @@
+/*
+ * 9P network client for VirtIO 9P test cases (based on QTest)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 SUSE LINUX Products GmbH
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Not so fast! You might want to read the 9p developer docs first:
+ * https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/9p
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "virtio-9p-client.h"
+
+#define QVIRTIO_9P_TIMEOUT_US (10 * 1000 * 1000)
+static QGuestAllocator *alloc;
+
+void v9fs_set_allocator(QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
+{
+    alloc = t_alloc;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Used to auto generate new fids. Start with arbitrary high value to avoid
+ * collision with hard coded fids in basic test code.
+ */
+static uint32_t fid_generator = 1000;
+
+static uint32_t genfid(void)
+{
+    return fid_generator++;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Splits the @a in string by @a delim into individual (non empty) strings
+ * and outputs them to @a out. The output array @a out is NULL terminated.
+ *
+ * Output array @a out must be freed by calling split_free().
+ *
+ * @returns number of individual elements in output array @a out (without the
+ *          final NULL terminating element)
+ */
+static int split(const char *in, const char *delim, char ***out)
+{
+    int n = 0, i = 0;
+    char *tmp, *p;
+
+    tmp = g_strdup(in);
+    for (p = strtok(tmp, delim); p != NULL; p = strtok(NULL, delim)) {
+        if (strlen(p) > 0) {
+            ++n;
+        }
+    }
+    g_free(tmp);
+
+    *out = g_new0(char *, n + 1); /* last element NULL delimiter */
+
+    tmp = g_strdup(in);
+    for (p = strtok(tmp, delim); p != NULL; p = strtok(NULL, delim)) {
+        if (strlen(p) > 0) {
+            (*out)[i++] = g_strdup(p);
+        }
+    }
+    g_free(tmp);
+
+    return n;
+}
+
+static void split_free(char ***out)
+{
+    int i;
+    if (!*out) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; (*out)[i]; ++i) {
+        g_free((*out)[i]);
+    }
+    g_free(*out);
+    *out = NULL;
+}
+
+void v9fs_memwrite(P9Req *req, const void *addr, size_t len)
+{
+    qtest_memwrite(req->qts, req->t_msg + req->t_off, addr, len);
+    req->t_off += len;
+}
+
+void v9fs_memskip(P9Req *req, size_t len)
+{
+    req->r_off += len;
+}
+
+void v9fs_memread(P9Req *req, void *addr, size_t len)
+{
+    qtest_memread(req->qts, req->r_msg + req->r_off, addr, len);
+    req->r_off += len;
+}
+
+void v9fs_uint8_read(P9Req *req, uint8_t *val)
+{
+    v9fs_memread(req, val, 1);
+}
+
+void v9fs_uint16_write(P9Req *req, uint16_t val)
+{
+    uint16_t le_val = cpu_to_le16(val);
+
+    v9fs_memwrite(req, &le_val, 2);
+}
+
+void v9fs_uint16_read(P9Req *req, uint16_t *val)
+{
+    v9fs_memread(req, val, 2);
+    le16_to_cpus(val);
+}
+
+void v9fs_uint32_write(P9Req *req, uint32_t val)
+{
+    uint32_t le_val = cpu_to_le32(val);
+
+    v9fs_memwrite(req, &le_val, 4);
+}
+
+void v9fs_uint64_write(P9Req *req, uint64_t val)
+{
+    uint64_t le_val = cpu_to_le64(val);
+
+    v9fs_memwrite(req, &le_val, 8);
+}
+
+void v9fs_uint32_read(P9Req *req, uint32_t *val)
+{
+    v9fs_memread(req, val, 4);
+    le32_to_cpus(val);
+}
+
+void v9fs_uint64_read(P9Req *req, uint64_t *val)
+{
+    v9fs_memread(req, val, 8);
+    le64_to_cpus(val);
+}
+
+/* len[2] string[len] */
+uint16_t v9fs_string_size(const char *string)
+{
+    size_t len = strlen(string);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(len, <=, UINT16_MAX - 2);
+
+    return 2 + len;
+}
+
+void v9fs_string_write(P9Req *req, const char *string)
+{
+    int len = strlen(string);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(len, <=, UINT16_MAX);
+
+    v9fs_uint16_write(req, (uint16_t) len);
+    v9fs_memwrite(req, string, len);
+}
+
+void v9fs_string_read(P9Req *req, uint16_t *len, char **string)
+{
+    uint16_t local_len;
+
+    v9fs_uint16_read(req, &local_len);
+    if (len) {
+        *len = local_len;
+    }
+    if (string) {
+        *string = g_malloc(local_len + 1);
+        v9fs_memread(req, *string, local_len);
+        (*string)[local_len] = 0;
+    } else {
+        v9fs_memskip(req, local_len);
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t size;
+    uint8_t id;
+    uint16_t tag;
+} QEMU_PACKED P9Hdr;
+
+P9Req *v9fs_req_init(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t size, uint8_t id,
+                     uint16_t tag)
+{
+    P9Req *req = g_new0(P9Req, 1);
+    uint32_t total_size = 7; /* 9P header has well-known size of 7 bytes */
+    P9Hdr hdr = {
+        .id = id,
+        .tag = cpu_to_le16(tag)
+    };
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(total_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - size);
+    total_size += size;
+    hdr.size = cpu_to_le32(total_size);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(total_size, <=, P9_MAX_SIZE);
+
+    req->qts = global_qtest;
+    req->v9p = v9p;
+    req->t_size = total_size;
+    req->t_msg = guest_alloc(alloc, req->t_size);
+    v9fs_memwrite(req, &hdr, 7);
+    req->tag = tag;
+    return req;
+}
+
+void v9fs_req_send(P9Req *req)
+{
+    QVirtio9P *v9p = req->v9p;
+
+    req->r_msg = guest_alloc(alloc, P9_MAX_SIZE);
+    req->free_head = qvirtqueue_add(req->qts, v9p->vq, req->t_msg, req->t_size,
+                                    false, true);
+    qvirtqueue_add(req->qts, v9p->vq, req->r_msg, P9_MAX_SIZE, true, false);
+    qvirtqueue_kick(req->qts, v9p->vdev, v9p->vq, req->free_head);
+    req->t_off = 0;
+}
+
+static const char *rmessage_name(uint8_t id)
+{
+    return
+        id == P9_RLERROR ? "RLERROR" :
+        id == P9_RVERSION ? "RVERSION" :
+        id == P9_RATTACH ? "RATTACH" :
+        id == P9_RWALK ? "RWALK" :
+        id == P9_RLOPEN ? "RLOPEN" :
+        id == P9_RWRITE ? "RWRITE" :
+        id == P9_RMKDIR ? "RMKDIR" :
+        id == P9_RLCREATE ? "RLCREATE" :
+        id == P9_RSYMLINK ? "RSYMLINK" :
+        id == P9_RLINK ? "RLINK" :
+        id == P9_RUNLINKAT ? "RUNLINKAT" :
+        id == P9_RFLUSH ? "RFLUSH" :
+        id == P9_RREADDIR ? "READDIR" :
+        "<unknown>";
+}
+
+void v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(P9Req *req, uint32_t *len)
+{
+    QVirtio9P *v9p = req->v9p;
+
+    qvirtio_wait_used_elem(req->qts, v9p->vdev, v9p->vq, req->free_head, len,
+                           QVIRTIO_9P_TIMEOUT_US);
+}
+
+void v9fs_req_recv(P9Req *req, uint8_t id)
+{
+    P9Hdr hdr;
+
+    v9fs_memread(req, &hdr, 7);
+    hdr.size = ldl_le_p(&hdr.size);
+    hdr.tag = lduw_le_p(&hdr.tag);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(hdr.size, >=, 7);
+    g_assert_cmpint(hdr.size, <=, P9_MAX_SIZE);
+    g_assert_cmpint(hdr.tag, ==, req->tag);
+
+    if (hdr.id != id) {
+        g_printerr("Received response %d (%s) instead of %d (%s)\n",
+                   hdr.id, rmessage_name(hdr.id), id, rmessage_name(id));
+
+        if (hdr.id == P9_RLERROR) {
+            uint32_t err;
+            v9fs_uint32_read(req, &err);
+            g_printerr("Rlerror has errno %d (%s)\n", err, strerror(err));
+        }
+    }
+    g_assert_cmpint(hdr.id, ==, id);
+}
+
+void v9fs_req_free(P9Req *req)
+{
+    guest_free(alloc, req->t_msg);
+    guest_free(alloc, req->r_msg);
+    g_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rlerror tag[2] ecode[4] */
+void v9fs_rlerror(P9Req *req, uint32_t *err)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RLERROR);
+    v9fs_uint32_read(req, err);
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tversion tag[2] msize[4] version[s] */
+TVersionRes v9fs_tversion(TVersionOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+    uint32_t body_size = 4;
+    uint16_t string_size;
+    uint16_t server_len;
+    g_autofree char *server_version = NULL;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+
+    if (!opt.msize) {
+        opt.msize = P9_MAX_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    if (!opt.tag) {
+        opt.tag = P9_NOTAG;
+    }
+
+    if (!opt.version) {
+        opt.version = "9P2000.L";
+    }
+
+    string_size = v9fs_string_size(opt.version);
+    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
+    body_size += string_size;
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, body_size, P9_TVERSION, opt.tag);
+
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.msize);
+    v9fs_string_write(req, opt.version);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rversion(req, &server_len, &server_version);
+            g_assert_cmpmem(server_version, server_len,
+                            opt.version, strlen(opt.version));
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TVersionRes) {
+        .req = req,
+    };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rversion tag[2] msize[4] version[s] */
+void v9fs_rversion(P9Req *req, uint16_t *len, char **version)
+{
+    uint32_t msize;
+
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RVERSION);
+    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &msize);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(msize, ==, P9_MAX_SIZE);
+
+    if (len || version) {
+        v9fs_string_read(req, len, version);
+    }
+
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tattach tag[2] fid[4] afid[4] uname[s] aname[s] n_uname[4] */
+TAttachRes v9fs_tattach(TAttachOpt opt)
+{
+    uint32_t err;
+    const char *uname = ""; /* ignored by QEMU */
+    const char *aname = ""; /* ignored by QEMU */
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either Rattach or Rlerror, but obviously not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.expectErr || !opt.rattach.qid);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_tversion((TVersionOpt) { .client = opt.client });
+    }
+
+    if (!opt.n_uname) {
+        opt.n_uname = getuid();
+    }
+
+    P9Req *req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 4, P9_TATTACH,
+                               opt.tag);
+
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.fid);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, P9_NOFID);
+    v9fs_string_write(req, uname);
+    v9fs_string_write(req, aname);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.n_uname);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rattach(req, opt.rattach.qid);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TAttachRes) {
+        .req = req,
+    };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rattach tag[2] qid[13] */
+void v9fs_rattach(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RATTACH);
+    if (qid) {
+        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
+    }
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Twalk tag[2] fid[4] newfid[4] nwname[2] nwname*(wname[s]) */
+TWalkRes v9fs_twalk(TWalkOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    int i;
+    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4 + 2;
+    uint32_t err;
+    char **wnames = NULL;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either high- or low-level path, both not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.path || !(opt.nwname || opt.wnames));
+    /* expecting either Rwalk or Rlerror, but obviously not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.expectErr || !(opt.rwalk.nwqid || opt.rwalk.wqid));
+
+    if (!opt.newfid) {
+        opt.newfid = genfid();
+    }
+
+    if (opt.path) {
+        opt.nwname = split(opt.path, "/", &wnames);
+        opt.wnames = wnames;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < opt.nwname; i++) {
+        uint16_t wname_size = v9fs_string_size(opt.wnames[i]);
+
+        g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - wname_size);
+        body_size += wname_size;
+    }
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, body_size, P9_TWALK, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.fid);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.newfid);
+    v9fs_uint16_write(req, opt.nwname);
+    for (i = 0; i < opt.nwname; i++) {
+        v9fs_string_write(req, opt.wnames[i]);
+    }
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rwalk(req, opt.rwalk.nwqid, opt.rwalk.wqid);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    split_free(&wnames);
+
+    return (TWalkRes) {
+        .newfid = opt.newfid,
+        .req = req,
+    };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rwalk tag[2] nwqid[2] nwqid*(wqid[13]) */
+void v9fs_rwalk(P9Req *req, uint16_t *nwqid, v9fs_qid **wqid)
+{
+    uint16_t local_nwqid;
+
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RWALK);
+    v9fs_uint16_read(req, &local_nwqid);
+    if (nwqid) {
+        *nwqid = local_nwqid;
+    }
+    if (wqid) {
+        *wqid = g_malloc(local_nwqid * 13);
+        v9fs_memread(req, *wqid, local_nwqid * 13);
+    }
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tgetattr tag[2] fid[4] request_mask[8] */
+TGetAttrRes v9fs_tgetattr(TGetAttrOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either Rgetattr or Rlerror, but obviously not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.expectErr || !opt.rgetattr.attr);
+
+    if (!opt.request_mask) {
+        opt.request_mask = P9_GETATTR_ALL;
+    }
+
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, 4 + 8, P9_TGETATTR, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.fid);
+    v9fs_uint64_write(req, opt.request_mask);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rgetattr(req, opt.rgetattr.attr);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TGetAttrRes) { .req = req };
+}
+
+/*
+ * size[4] Rgetattr tag[2] valid[8] qid[13] mode[4] uid[4] gid[4] nlink[8]
+ *                  rdev[8] size[8] blksize[8] blocks[8]
+ *                  atime_sec[8] atime_nsec[8] mtime_sec[8] mtime_nsec[8]
+ *                  ctime_sec[8] ctime_nsec[8] btime_sec[8] btime_nsec[8]
+ *                  gen[8] data_version[8]
+ */
+void v9fs_rgetattr(P9Req *req, v9fs_attr *attr)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RGETATTR);
+
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->valid);
+    v9fs_memread(req, &attr->qid, 13);
+    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &attr->mode);
+    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &attr->uid);
+    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &attr->gid);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->nlink);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->rdev);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->size);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->blksize);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->blocks);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->atime_sec);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->atime_nsec);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->mtime_sec);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->mtime_nsec);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->ctime_sec);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->ctime_nsec);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->btime_sec);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->btime_nsec);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->gen);
+    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->data_version);
+
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Treaddir tag[2] fid[4] offset[8] count[4] */
+TReadDirRes v9fs_treaddir(TReadDirOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either Rreaddir or Rlerror, but obviously not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.expectErr || !(opt.rreaddir.count ||
+             opt.rreaddir.nentries || opt.rreaddir.entries));
+
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, 4 + 8 + 4, P9_TREADDIR, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.fid);
+    v9fs_uint64_write(req, opt.offset);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.count);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rreaddir(req, opt.rreaddir.count, opt.rreaddir.nentries,
+                          opt.rreaddir.entries);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TReadDirRes) { .req = req };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rreaddir tag[2] count[4] data[count] */
+void v9fs_rreaddir(P9Req *req, uint32_t *count, uint32_t *nentries,
+                   struct V9fsDirent **entries)
+{
+    uint32_t local_count;
+    struct V9fsDirent *e = NULL;
+    uint16_t slen;
+    uint32_t n = 0;
+
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RREADDIR);
+    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &local_count);
+
+    if (count) {
+        *count = local_count;
+    }
+
+    for (int32_t togo = (int32_t)local_count;
+         togo >= 13 + 8 + 1 + 2;
+         togo -= 13 + 8 + 1 + 2 + slen, ++n)
+    {
+        if (!e) {
+            e = g_new(struct V9fsDirent, 1);
+            if (entries) {
+                *entries = e;
+            }
+        } else {
+            e = e->next = g_new(struct V9fsDirent, 1);
+        }
+        e->next = NULL;
+        /* qid[13] offset[8] type[1] name[s] */
+        v9fs_memread(req, &e->qid, 13);
+        v9fs_uint64_read(req, &e->offset);
+        v9fs_uint8_read(req, &e->type);
+        v9fs_string_read(req, &slen, &e->name);
+    }
+
+    if (nentries) {
+        *nentries = n;
+    }
+
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+void v9fs_free_dirents(struct V9fsDirent *e)
+{
+    struct V9fsDirent *next = NULL;
+
+    for (; e; e = next) {
+        next = e->next;
+        g_free(e->name);
+        g_free(e);
+    }
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tlopen tag[2] fid[4] flags[4] */
+TLOpenRes v9fs_tlopen(TLOpenOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either Rlopen or Rlerror, but obviously not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.expectErr || !(opt.rlopen.qid || opt.rlopen.iounit));
+
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client,  4 + 4, P9_TLOPEN, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.fid);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.flags);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rlopen(req, opt.rlopen.qid, opt.rlopen.iounit);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TLOpenRes) { .req = req };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rlopen tag[2] qid[13] iounit[4] */
+void v9fs_rlopen(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid, uint32_t *iounit)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RLOPEN);
+    if (qid) {
+        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
+    } else {
+        v9fs_memskip(req, 13);
+    }
+    if (iounit) {
+        v9fs_uint32_read(req, iounit);
+    }
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Twrite tag[2] fid[4] offset[8] count[4] data[count] */
+TWriteRes v9fs_twrite(TWriteOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 8 + 4;
+    uint32_t written = 0;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - opt.count);
+    body_size += opt.count;
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, body_size, P9_TWRITE, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.fid);
+    v9fs_uint64_write(req, opt.offset);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.count);
+    v9fs_memwrite(req, opt.data, opt.count);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rwrite(req, &written);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TWriteRes) {
+        .req = req,
+        .count = written
+    };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rwrite tag[2] count[4] */
+void v9fs_rwrite(P9Req *req, uint32_t *count)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RWRITE);
+    if (count) {
+        v9fs_uint32_read(req, count);
+    }
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tflush tag[2] oldtag[2] */
+TFlushRes v9fs_tflush(TFlushOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, 2, P9_TFLUSH, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.oldtag);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rflush(req);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TFlushRes) { .req = req };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rflush tag[2] */
+void v9fs_rflush(P9Req *req)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RFLUSH);
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tmkdir tag[2] dfid[4] name[s] mode[4] gid[4] */
+TMkdirRes v9fs_tmkdir(TMkdirOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either hi-level atPath or low-level dfid, but not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.atPath || !opt.dfid);
+    /* expecting either Rmkdir or Rlerror, but obviously not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.expectErr || !opt.rmkdir.qid);
+
+    if (opt.atPath) {
+        opt.dfid = v9fs_twalk((TWalkOpt) { .client = opt.client,
+                                           .path = opt.atPath }).newfid;
+    }
+
+    if (!opt.mode) {
+        opt.mode = 0750;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4 + 4;
+    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(opt.name);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
+    body_size += string_size;
+
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, body_size, P9_TMKDIR, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.dfid);
+    v9fs_string_write(req, opt.name);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.mode);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.gid);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rmkdir(req, opt.rmkdir.qid);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TMkdirRes) { .req = req };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rmkdir tag[2] qid[13] */
+void v9fs_rmkdir(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RMKDIR);
+    if (qid) {
+        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
+    } else {
+        v9fs_memskip(req, 13);
+    }
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tlcreate tag[2] fid[4] name[s] flags[4] mode[4] gid[4] */
+TlcreateRes v9fs_tlcreate(TlcreateOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either hi-level atPath or low-level fid, but not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.atPath || !opt.fid);
+    /* expecting either Rlcreate or Rlerror, but obviously not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.expectErr || !(opt.rlcreate.qid || opt.rlcreate.iounit));
+
+    if (opt.atPath) {
+        opt.fid = v9fs_twalk((TWalkOpt) { .client = opt.client,
+                                          .path = opt.atPath }).newfid;
+    }
+
+    if (!opt.mode) {
+        opt.mode = 0750;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4;
+    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(opt.name);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
+    body_size += string_size;
+
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, body_size, P9_TLCREATE, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.fid);
+    v9fs_string_write(req, opt.name);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.flags);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.mode);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.gid);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rlcreate(req, opt.rlcreate.qid, opt.rlcreate.iounit);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TlcreateRes) { .req = req };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rlcreate tag[2] qid[13] iounit[4] */
+void v9fs_rlcreate(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid, uint32_t *iounit)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RLCREATE);
+    if (qid) {
+        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
+    } else {
+        v9fs_memskip(req, 13);
+    }
+    if (iounit) {
+        v9fs_uint32_read(req, iounit);
+    }
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tsymlink tag[2] fid[4] name[s] symtgt[s] gid[4] */
+TsymlinkRes v9fs_tsymlink(TsymlinkOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either hi-level atPath or low-level fid, but not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.atPath || !opt.fid);
+    /* expecting either Rsymlink or Rlerror, but obviously not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.expectErr || !opt.rsymlink.qid);
+
+    if (opt.atPath) {
+        opt.fid = v9fs_twalk((TWalkOpt) { .client = opt.client,
+                                          .path = opt.atPath }).newfid;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4;
+    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(opt.name) +
+                           v9fs_string_size(opt.symtgt);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
+    body_size += string_size;
+
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, body_size, P9_TSYMLINK, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.fid);
+    v9fs_string_write(req, opt.name);
+    v9fs_string_write(req, opt.symtgt);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.gid);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rsymlink(req, opt.rsymlink.qid);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TsymlinkRes) { .req = req };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rsymlink tag[2] qid[13] */
+void v9fs_rsymlink(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RSYMLINK);
+    if (qid) {
+        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
+    } else {
+        v9fs_memskip(req, 13);
+    }
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tlink tag[2] dfid[4] fid[4] name[s] */
+TlinkRes v9fs_tlink(TlinkOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either hi-level atPath or low-level dfid, but not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.atPath || !opt.dfid);
+    /* expecting either hi-level toPath or low-level fid, but not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.toPath || !opt.fid);
+
+    if (opt.atPath) {
+        opt.dfid = v9fs_twalk((TWalkOpt) { .client = opt.client,
+                                           .path = opt.atPath }).newfid;
+    }
+    if (opt.toPath) {
+        opt.fid = v9fs_twalk((TWalkOpt) { .client = opt.client,
+                                          .path = opt.toPath }).newfid;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4;
+    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(opt.name);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
+    body_size += string_size;
+
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, body_size, P9_TLINK, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.dfid);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.fid);
+    v9fs_string_write(req, opt.name);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_rlink(req);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TlinkRes) { .req = req };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Rlink tag[2] */
+void v9fs_rlink(P9Req *req)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RLINK);
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
+
+/* size[4] Tunlinkat tag[2] dirfd[4] name[s] flags[4] */
+TunlinkatRes v9fs_tunlinkat(TunlinkatOpt opt)
+{
+    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t err;
+
+    g_assert(opt.client);
+    /* expecting either hi-level atPath or low-level dirfd, but not both */
+    g_assert(!opt.atPath || !opt.dirfd);
+
+    if (opt.atPath) {
+        opt.dirfd = v9fs_twalk((TWalkOpt) { .client = opt.client,
+                                            .path = opt.atPath }).newfid;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4;
+    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(opt.name);
+
+    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
+    body_size += string_size;
+
+    req = v9fs_req_init(opt.client, body_size, P9_TUNLINKAT, opt.tag);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.dirfd);
+    v9fs_string_write(req, opt.name);
+    v9fs_uint32_write(req, opt.flags);
+    v9fs_req_send(req);
+
+    if (!opt.requestOnly) {
+        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
+        if (opt.expectErr) {
+            v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
+            g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, opt.expectErr);
+        } else {
+            v9fs_runlinkat(req);
+        }
+        req = NULL; /* request was freed */
+    }
+
+    return (TunlinkatRes) { .req = req };
+}
+
+/* size[4] Runlinkat tag[2] */
+void v9fs_runlinkat(P9Req *req)
+{
+    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RUNLINKAT);
+    v9fs_req_free(req);
+}
diff --git a/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-9p-client.h b/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-9p-client.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78228eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qtest/libqos/virtio-9p-client.h
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+/*
+ * 9P network client for VirtIO 9P test cases (based on QTest)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 SUSE LINUX Products GmbH
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Not so fast! You might want to read the 9p developer docs first:
+ * https://wiki.qemu.org/Documentation/9p
+ */
+
+#ifndef TESTS_LIBQOS_VIRTIO_9P_CLIENT_H
+#define TESTS_LIBQOS_VIRTIO_9P_CLIENT_H
+
+#include "hw/9pfs/9p.h"
+#include "hw/9pfs/9p-synth.h"
+#include "virtio-9p.h"
+#include "qgraph.h"
+#include "tests/qtest/libqtest-single.h"
+
+#define P9_MAX_SIZE 4096 /* Max size of a T-message or R-message */
+
+typedef struct {
+    QTestState *qts;
+    QVirtio9P *v9p;
+    uint16_t tag;
+    uint64_t t_msg;
+    uint32_t t_size;
+    uint64_t r_msg;
+    /* No r_size, it is hardcoded to P9_MAX_SIZE */
+    size_t t_off;
+    size_t r_off;
+    uint32_t free_head;
+} P9Req;
+
+/* type[1] version[4] path[8] */
+typedef char v9fs_qid[13];
+
+typedef struct v9fs_attr {
+    uint64_t valid;
+    v9fs_qid qid;
+    uint32_t mode;
+    uint32_t uid;
+    uint32_t gid;
+    uint64_t nlink;
+    uint64_t rdev;
+    uint64_t size;
+    uint64_t blksize;
+    uint64_t blocks;
+    uint64_t atime_sec;
+    uint64_t atime_nsec;
+    uint64_t mtime_sec;
+    uint64_t mtime_nsec;
+    uint64_t ctime_sec;
+    uint64_t ctime_nsec;
+    uint64_t btime_sec;
+    uint64_t btime_nsec;
+    uint64_t gen;
+    uint64_t data_version;
+} v9fs_attr;
+
+#define P9_GETATTR_BASIC    0x000007ffULL /* Mask for fields up to BLOCKS */
+#define P9_GETATTR_ALL      0x00003fffULL /* Mask for ALL fields */
+
+struct V9fsDirent {
+    v9fs_qid qid;
+    uint64_t offset;
+    uint8_t type;
+    char *name;
+    struct V9fsDirent *next;
+};
+
+/* options for 'Twalk' 9p request */
+typedef struct TWalkOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* file ID of directory from where walk should start (optional) */
+    uint32_t fid;
+    /* file ID for target directory being walked to (optional) */
+    uint32_t newfid;
+    /* low level variant of path to walk to (optional) */
+    uint16_t nwname;
+    char **wnames;
+    /* high level variant of path to walk to (optional) */
+    const char *path;
+    /* data being received from 9p server as 'Rwalk' response (optional) */
+    struct {
+        uint16_t *nwqid;
+        v9fs_qid **wqid;
+    } rwalk;
+    /* only send Twalk request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TWalkOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Twalk' 9p request */
+typedef struct TWalkRes {
+    /* file ID of target directory been walked to */
+    uint32_t newfid;
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TWalkRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tversion' 9p request */
+typedef struct TVersionOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* maximum message size that can be handled by client (optional) */
+    uint32_t msize;
+    /* protocol version (optional) */
+    const char *version;
+    /* only send Tversion request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TVersionOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Tversion' 9p request */
+typedef struct TVersionRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TVersionRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tattach' 9p request */
+typedef struct TAttachOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* file ID to be associated with root of file tree (optional) */
+    uint32_t fid;
+    /* numerical uid of user being introduced to server (optional) */
+    uint32_t n_uname;
+    /* data being received from 9p server as 'Rattach' response (optional) */
+    struct {
+        /* server's idea of the root of the file tree */
+        v9fs_qid *qid;
+    } rattach;
+    /* only send Tattach request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TAttachOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Tattach' 9p request */
+typedef struct TAttachRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TAttachRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tgetattr' 9p request */
+typedef struct TGetAttrOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* file ID of file/dir whose attributes shall be retrieved (required) */
+    uint32_t fid;
+    /* bitmask indicating attribute fields to be retrieved (optional) */
+    uint64_t request_mask;
+    /* data being received from 9p server as 'Rgetattr' response (optional) */
+    struct {
+        v9fs_attr *attr;
+    } rgetattr;
+    /* only send Tgetattr request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TGetAttrOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Tgetattr' 9p request */
+typedef struct TGetAttrRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TGetAttrRes;
+
+/* options for 'Treaddir' 9p request */
+typedef struct TReadDirOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* file ID of directory whose entries shall be retrieved (required) */
+    uint32_t fid;
+    /* offset in entries stream, i.e. for multiple requests (optional) */
+    uint64_t offset;
+    /* maximum bytes to be returned by server (required) */
+    uint32_t count;
+    /* data being received from 9p server as 'Rreaddir' response (optional) */
+    struct {
+        uint32_t *count;
+        uint32_t *nentries;
+        struct V9fsDirent **entries;
+    } rreaddir;
+    /* only send Treaddir request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TReadDirOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Treaddir' 9p request */
+typedef struct TReadDirRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TReadDirRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tlopen' 9p request */
+typedef struct TLOpenOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* file ID of file / directory to be opened (required) */
+    uint32_t fid;
+    /* Linux open(2) flags such as O_RDONLY, O_RDWR, O_WRONLY (optional) */
+    uint32_t flags;
+    /* data being received from 9p server as 'Rlopen' response (optional) */
+    struct {
+        v9fs_qid *qid;
+        uint32_t *iounit;
+    } rlopen;
+    /* only send Tlopen request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TLOpenOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Tlopen' 9p request */
+typedef struct TLOpenRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TLOpenRes;
+
+/* options for 'Twrite' 9p request */
+typedef struct TWriteOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* file ID of file to write to (required) */
+    uint32_t fid;
+    /* start position of write from beginning of file (optional) */
+    uint64_t offset;
+    /* how many bytes to write */
+    uint32_t count;
+    /* data to be written */
+    const void *data;
+    /* only send Twrite request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TWriteOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Twrite' 9p request */
+typedef struct TWriteRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+    /* amount of bytes written */
+    uint32_t count;
+} TWriteRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tflush' 9p request */
+typedef struct TFlushOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* message to flush (required) */
+    uint16_t oldtag;
+    /* only send Tflush request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TFlushOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Tflush' 9p request */
+typedef struct TFlushRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TFlushRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tmkdir' 9p request */
+typedef struct TMkdirOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* low level variant of directory where new one shall be created */
+    uint32_t dfid;
+    /* high-level variant of directory where new one shall be created */
+    const char *atPath;
+    /* New directory's name (required) */
+    const char *name;
+    /* Linux mkdir(2) mode bits (optional) */
+    uint32_t mode;
+    /* effective group ID of caller */
+    uint32_t gid;
+    /* data being received from 9p server as 'Rmkdir' response (optional) */
+    struct {
+        /* QID of newly created directory */
+        v9fs_qid *qid;
+    } rmkdir;
+    /* only send Tmkdir request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TMkdirOpt;
+
+/* result of 'TMkdir' 9p request */
+typedef struct TMkdirRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TMkdirRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tlcreate' 9p request */
+typedef struct TlcreateOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* low-level variant of directory where new file shall be created */
+    uint32_t fid;
+    /* high-level variant of directory where new file shall be created */
+    const char *atPath;
+    /* name of new file (required) */
+    const char *name;
+    /* Linux kernel intent bits */
+    uint32_t flags;
+    /* Linux create(2) mode bits */
+    uint32_t mode;
+    /* effective group ID of caller */
+    uint32_t gid;
+    /* data being received from 9p server as 'Rlcreate' response (optional) */
+    struct {
+        v9fs_qid *qid;
+        uint32_t *iounit;
+    } rlcreate;
+    /* only send Tlcreate request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TlcreateOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Tlcreate' 9p request */
+typedef struct TlcreateRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TlcreateRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tsymlink' 9p request */
+typedef struct TsymlinkOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* low-level variant of directory where symlink shall be created */
+    uint32_t fid;
+    /* high-level variant of directory where symlink shall be created */
+    const char *atPath;
+    /* name of symlink (required) */
+    const char *name;
+    /* where symlink will point to (required) */
+    const char *symtgt;
+    /* effective group ID of caller */
+    uint32_t gid;
+    /* data being received from 9p server as 'Rsymlink' response (optional) */
+    struct {
+        v9fs_qid *qid;
+    } rsymlink;
+    /* only send Tsymlink request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TsymlinkOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Tsymlink' 9p request */
+typedef struct TsymlinkRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TsymlinkRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tlink' 9p request */
+typedef struct TlinkOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* low-level variant of directory where hard link shall be created */
+    uint32_t dfid;
+    /* high-level variant of directory where hard link shall be created */
+    const char *atPath;
+    /* low-level variant of target referenced by new hard link */
+    uint32_t fid;
+    /* high-level variant of target referenced by new hard link */
+    const char *toPath;
+    /* name of hard link (required) */
+    const char *name;
+    /* only send Tlink request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TlinkOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Tlink' 9p request */
+typedef struct TlinkRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TlinkRes;
+
+/* options for 'Tunlinkat' 9p request */
+typedef struct TunlinkatOpt {
+    /* 9P client being used (mandatory) */
+    QVirtio9P *client;
+    /* user supplied tag number being returned with response (optional) */
+    uint16_t tag;
+    /* low-level variant of directory where name shall be unlinked */
+    uint32_t dirfd;
+    /* high-level variant of directory where name shall be unlinked */
+    const char *atPath;
+    /* name of directory entry to be unlinked (required) */
+    const char *name;
+    /* Linux unlinkat(2) flags */
+    uint32_t flags;
+    /* only send Tunlinkat request but not wait for a reply? (optional) */
+    bool requestOnly;
+    /* do we expect an Rlerror response, if yes which error code? (optional) */
+    uint32_t expectErr;
+} TunlinkatOpt;
+
+/* result of 'Tunlinkat' 9p request */
+typedef struct TunlinkatRes {
+    /* if requestOnly was set: request object for further processing */
+    P9Req *req;
+} TunlinkatRes;
+
+void v9fs_set_allocator(QGuestAllocator *t_alloc);
+void v9fs_memwrite(P9Req *req, const void *addr, size_t len);
+void v9fs_memskip(P9Req *req, size_t len);
+void v9fs_memread(P9Req *req, void *addr, size_t len);
+void v9fs_uint8_read(P9Req *req, uint8_t *val);
+void v9fs_uint16_write(P9Req *req, uint16_t val);
+void v9fs_uint16_read(P9Req *req, uint16_t *val);
+void v9fs_uint32_write(P9Req *req, uint32_t val);
+void v9fs_uint64_write(P9Req *req, uint64_t val);
+void v9fs_uint32_read(P9Req *req, uint32_t *val);
+void v9fs_uint64_read(P9Req *req, uint64_t *val);
+uint16_t v9fs_string_size(const char *string);
+void v9fs_string_write(P9Req *req, const char *string);
+void v9fs_string_read(P9Req *req, uint16_t *len, char **string);
+P9Req *v9fs_req_init(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t size, uint8_t id,
+                     uint16_t tag);
+void v9fs_req_send(P9Req *req);
+void v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(P9Req *req, uint32_t *len);
+void v9fs_req_recv(P9Req *req, uint8_t id);
+void v9fs_req_free(P9Req *req);
+void v9fs_rlerror(P9Req *req, uint32_t *err);
+TVersionRes v9fs_tversion(TVersionOpt);
+void v9fs_rversion(P9Req *req, uint16_t *len, char **version);
+TAttachRes v9fs_tattach(TAttachOpt);
+void v9fs_rattach(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid);
+TWalkRes v9fs_twalk(TWalkOpt opt);
+void v9fs_rwalk(P9Req *req, uint16_t *nwqid, v9fs_qid **wqid);
+TGetAttrRes v9fs_tgetattr(TGetAttrOpt);
+void v9fs_rgetattr(P9Req *req, v9fs_attr *attr);
+TReadDirRes v9fs_treaddir(TReadDirOpt);
+void v9fs_rreaddir(P9Req *req, uint32_t *count, uint32_t *nentries,
+                   struct V9fsDirent **entries);
+void v9fs_free_dirents(struct V9fsDirent *e);
+TLOpenRes v9fs_tlopen(TLOpenOpt);
+void v9fs_rlopen(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid, uint32_t *iounit);
+TWriteRes v9fs_twrite(TWriteOpt);
+void v9fs_rwrite(P9Req *req, uint32_t *count);
+TFlushRes v9fs_tflush(TFlushOpt);
+void v9fs_rflush(P9Req *req);
+TMkdirRes v9fs_tmkdir(TMkdirOpt);
+void v9fs_rmkdir(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid);
+TlcreateRes v9fs_tlcreate(TlcreateOpt);
+void v9fs_rlcreate(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid, uint32_t *iounit);
+TsymlinkRes v9fs_tsymlink(TsymlinkOpt);
+void v9fs_rsymlink(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid);
+TlinkRes v9fs_tlink(TlinkOpt);
+void v9fs_rlink(P9Req *req);
+TunlinkatRes v9fs_tunlinkat(TunlinkatOpt);
+void v9fs_runlinkat(P9Req *req);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/tests/qtest/virtio-9p-test.c b/tests/qtest/virtio-9p-test.c
index 25305a4..65e6949 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/virtio-9p-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/virtio-9p-test.c
@@ -13,76 +13,27 @@
  */
 
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
-#include "libqtest-single.h"
 #include "qemu/module.h"
-#include "hw/9pfs/9p.h"
-#include "hw/9pfs/9p-synth.h"
-#include "libqos/virtio-9p.h"
-#include "libqos/qgraph.h"
-
-#define QVIRTIO_9P_TIMEOUT_US (10 * 1000 * 1000)
-static QGuestAllocator *alloc;
-
-/*
- * Used to auto generate new fids. Start with arbitrary high value to avoid
- * collision with hard coded fids in basic test code.
- */
-static uint32_t fid_generator = 1000;
-
-static uint32_t genfid(void)
-{
-    return fid_generator++;
-}
-
-/**
- * Splits the @a in string by @a delim into individual (non empty) strings
- * and outputs them to @a out. The output array @a out is NULL terminated.
- *
- * Output array @a out must be freed by calling split_free().
- *
- * @returns number of individual elements in output array @a out (without the
- *          final NULL terminating element)
- */
-static int split(const char *in, const char *delim, char ***out)
-{
-    int n = 0, i = 0;
-    char *tmp, *p;
-
-    tmp = g_strdup(in);
-    for (p = strtok(tmp, delim); p != NULL; p = strtok(NULL, delim)) {
-        if (strlen(p) > 0) {
-            ++n;
-        }
-    }
-    g_free(tmp);
-
-    *out = g_new0(char *, n + 1); /* last element NULL delimiter */
-
-    tmp = g_strdup(in);
-    for (p = strtok(tmp, delim); p != NULL; p = strtok(NULL, delim)) {
-        if (strlen(p) > 0) {
-            (*out)[i++] = g_strdup(p);
-        }
-    }
-    g_free(tmp);
-
-    return n;
-}
-
-static void split_free(char ***out)
-{
-    int i;
-    for (i = 0; (*out)[i]; ++i) {
-        g_free((*out)[i]);
-    }
-    g_free(*out);
-    *out = NULL;
-}
+#include "libqos/virtio-9p-client.h"
+
+#define twalk(...) v9fs_twalk((TWalkOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tversion(...) v9fs_tversion((TVersionOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tattach(...) v9fs_tattach((TAttachOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tgetattr(...) v9fs_tgetattr((TGetAttrOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define treaddir(...) v9fs_treaddir((TReadDirOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tlopen(...) v9fs_tlopen((TLOpenOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define twrite(...) v9fs_twrite((TWriteOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tflush(...) v9fs_tflush((TFlushOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tmkdir(...) v9fs_tmkdir((TMkdirOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tlcreate(...) v9fs_tlcreate((TlcreateOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tsymlink(...) v9fs_tsymlink((TsymlinkOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tlink(...) v9fs_tlink((TlinkOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
+#define tunlinkat(...) v9fs_tunlinkat((TunlinkatOpt) __VA_ARGS__)
 
 static void pci_config(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     size_t tag_len = qvirtio_config_readw(v9p->vdev, 0);
     g_autofree char *tag = NULL;
     int i;
@@ -96,670 +47,43 @@ static void pci_config(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
     g_assert_cmpmem(tag, tag_len, MOUNT_TAG, tag_len);
 }
 
-#define P9_MAX_SIZE 4096 /* Max size of a T-message or R-message */
-
-typedef struct {
-    QTestState *qts;
-    QVirtio9P *v9p;
-    uint16_t tag;
-    uint64_t t_msg;
-    uint32_t t_size;
-    uint64_t r_msg;
-    /* No r_size, it is hardcoded to P9_MAX_SIZE */
-    size_t t_off;
-    size_t r_off;
-    uint32_t free_head;
-} P9Req;
-
-static void v9fs_memwrite(P9Req *req, const void *addr, size_t len)
-{
-    qtest_memwrite(req->qts, req->t_msg + req->t_off, addr, len);
-    req->t_off += len;
-}
-
-static void v9fs_memskip(P9Req *req, size_t len)
-{
-    req->r_off += len;
-}
-
-static void v9fs_memread(P9Req *req, void *addr, size_t len)
-{
-    qtest_memread(req->qts, req->r_msg + req->r_off, addr, len);
-    req->r_off += len;
-}
-
-static void v9fs_uint8_read(P9Req *req, uint8_t *val)
-{
-    v9fs_memread(req, val, 1);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_uint16_write(P9Req *req, uint16_t val)
-{
-    uint16_t le_val = cpu_to_le16(val);
-
-    v9fs_memwrite(req, &le_val, 2);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_uint16_read(P9Req *req, uint16_t *val)
-{
-    v9fs_memread(req, val, 2);
-    le16_to_cpus(val);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_uint32_write(P9Req *req, uint32_t val)
-{
-    uint32_t le_val = cpu_to_le32(val);
-
-    v9fs_memwrite(req, &le_val, 4);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_uint64_write(P9Req *req, uint64_t val)
-{
-    uint64_t le_val = cpu_to_le64(val);
-
-    v9fs_memwrite(req, &le_val, 8);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_uint32_read(P9Req *req, uint32_t *val)
-{
-    v9fs_memread(req, val, 4);
-    le32_to_cpus(val);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_uint64_read(P9Req *req, uint64_t *val)
-{
-    v9fs_memread(req, val, 8);
-    le64_to_cpus(val);
-}
-
-/* len[2] string[len] */
-static uint16_t v9fs_string_size(const char *string)
-{
-    size_t len = strlen(string);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(len, <=, UINT16_MAX - 2);
-
-    return 2 + len;
-}
-
-static void v9fs_string_write(P9Req *req, const char *string)
-{
-    int len = strlen(string);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(len, <=, UINT16_MAX);
-
-    v9fs_uint16_write(req, (uint16_t) len);
-    v9fs_memwrite(req, string, len);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_string_read(P9Req *req, uint16_t *len, char **string)
-{
-    uint16_t local_len;
-
-    v9fs_uint16_read(req, &local_len);
-    if (len) {
-        *len = local_len;
-    }
-    if (string) {
-        *string = g_malloc(local_len + 1);
-        v9fs_memread(req, *string, local_len);
-        (*string)[local_len] = 0;
-    } else {
-        v9fs_memskip(req, local_len);
-    }
-}
-
- typedef struct {
-    uint32_t size;
-    uint8_t id;
-    uint16_t tag;
-} QEMU_PACKED P9Hdr;
-
-static P9Req *v9fs_req_init(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t size, uint8_t id,
-                            uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req = g_new0(P9Req, 1);
-    uint32_t total_size = 7; /* 9P header has well-known size of 7 bytes */
-    P9Hdr hdr = {
-        .id = id,
-        .tag = cpu_to_le16(tag)
-    };
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(total_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - size);
-    total_size += size;
-    hdr.size = cpu_to_le32(total_size);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(total_size, <=, P9_MAX_SIZE);
-
-    req->qts = global_qtest;
-    req->v9p = v9p;
-    req->t_size = total_size;
-    req->t_msg = guest_alloc(alloc, req->t_size);
-    v9fs_memwrite(req, &hdr, 7);
-    req->tag = tag;
-    return req;
-}
-
-static void v9fs_req_send(P9Req *req)
-{
-    QVirtio9P *v9p = req->v9p;
-
-    req->r_msg = guest_alloc(alloc, P9_MAX_SIZE);
-    req->free_head = qvirtqueue_add(req->qts, v9p->vq, req->t_msg, req->t_size,
-                                    false, true);
-    qvirtqueue_add(req->qts, v9p->vq, req->r_msg, P9_MAX_SIZE, true, false);
-    qvirtqueue_kick(req->qts, v9p->vdev, v9p->vq, req->free_head);
-    req->t_off = 0;
-}
-
-static const char *rmessage_name(uint8_t id)
-{
-    return
-        id == P9_RLERROR ? "RLERROR" :
-        id == P9_RVERSION ? "RVERSION" :
-        id == P9_RATTACH ? "RATTACH" :
-        id == P9_RWALK ? "RWALK" :
-        id == P9_RLOPEN ? "RLOPEN" :
-        id == P9_RWRITE ? "RWRITE" :
-        id == P9_RMKDIR ? "RMKDIR" :
-        id == P9_RLCREATE ? "RLCREATE" :
-        id == P9_RSYMLINK ? "RSYMLINK" :
-        id == P9_RLINK ? "RLINK" :
-        id == P9_RUNLINKAT ? "RUNLINKAT" :
-        id == P9_RFLUSH ? "RFLUSH" :
-        id == P9_RREADDIR ? "READDIR" :
-        "<unknown>";
-}
-
-static void v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(P9Req *req, uint32_t *len)
-{
-    QVirtio9P *v9p = req->v9p;
-
-    qvirtio_wait_used_elem(req->qts, v9p->vdev, v9p->vq, req->free_head, len,
-                           QVIRTIO_9P_TIMEOUT_US);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_req_recv(P9Req *req, uint8_t id)
-{
-    P9Hdr hdr;
-
-    v9fs_memread(req, &hdr, 7);
-    hdr.size = ldl_le_p(&hdr.size);
-    hdr.tag = lduw_le_p(&hdr.tag);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(hdr.size, >=, 7);
-    g_assert_cmpint(hdr.size, <=, P9_MAX_SIZE);
-    g_assert_cmpint(hdr.tag, ==, req->tag);
-
-    if (hdr.id != id) {
-        g_printerr("Received response %d (%s) instead of %d (%s)\n",
-                   hdr.id, rmessage_name(hdr.id), id, rmessage_name(id));
-
-        if (hdr.id == P9_RLERROR) {
-            uint32_t err;
-            v9fs_uint32_read(req, &err);
-            g_printerr("Rlerror has errno %d (%s)\n", err, strerror(err));
-        }
-    }
-    g_assert_cmpint(hdr.id, ==, id);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_req_free(P9Req *req)
-{
-    guest_free(alloc, req->t_msg);
-    guest_free(alloc, req->r_msg);
-    g_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rlerror tag[2] ecode[4] */
-static void v9fs_rlerror(P9Req *req, uint32_t *err)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RLERROR);
-    v9fs_uint32_read(req, err);
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Tversion tag[2] msize[4] version[s] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tversion(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t msize, const char *version,
-                            uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-    uint32_t body_size = 4;
-    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(version);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
-    body_size += string_size;
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p, body_size, P9_TVERSION, tag);
-
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, msize);
-    v9fs_string_write(req, version);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rversion tag[2] msize[4] version[s] */
-static void v9fs_rversion(P9Req *req, uint16_t *len, char **version)
-{
-    uint32_t msize;
-
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RVERSION);
-    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &msize);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(msize, ==, P9_MAX_SIZE);
-
-    if (len || version) {
-        v9fs_string_read(req, len, version);
-    }
-
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Tattach tag[2] fid[4] afid[4] uname[s] aname[s] n_uname[4] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tattach(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t fid, uint32_t n_uname,
-                           uint16_t tag)
-{
-    const char *uname = ""; /* ignored by QEMU */
-    const char *aname = ""; /* ignored by QEMU */
-    P9Req *req = v9fs_req_init(v9p, 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 4, P9_TATTACH, tag);
-
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, fid);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, P9_NOFID);
-    v9fs_string_write(req, uname);
-    v9fs_string_write(req, aname);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, n_uname);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* type[1] version[4] path[8] */
-typedef char v9fs_qid[13];
-
 static inline bool is_same_qid(v9fs_qid a, v9fs_qid b)
 {
     /* don't compare QID version for checking for file ID equalness */
     return a[0] == b[0] && memcmp(&a[5], &b[5], 8) == 0;
 }
 
-/* size[4] Rattach tag[2] qid[13] */
-static void v9fs_rattach(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RATTACH);
-    if (qid) {
-        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
-    }
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Twalk tag[2] fid[4] newfid[4] nwname[2] nwname*(wname[s]) */
-static P9Req *v9fs_twalk(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t fid, uint32_t newfid,
-                         uint16_t nwname, char *const wnames[], uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-    int i;
-    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4 + 2;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < nwname; i++) {
-        uint16_t wname_size = v9fs_string_size(wnames[i]);
-
-        g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - wname_size);
-        body_size += wname_size;
-    }
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p,  body_size, P9_TWALK, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, fid);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, newfid);
-    v9fs_uint16_write(req, nwname);
-    for (i = 0; i < nwname; i++) {
-        v9fs_string_write(req, wnames[i]);
-    }
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rwalk tag[2] nwqid[2] nwqid*(wqid[13]) */
-static void v9fs_rwalk(P9Req *req, uint16_t *nwqid, v9fs_qid **wqid)
-{
-    uint16_t local_nwqid;
-
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RWALK);
-    v9fs_uint16_read(req, &local_nwqid);
-    if (nwqid) {
-        *nwqid = local_nwqid;
-    }
-    if (wqid) {
-        *wqid = g_malloc(local_nwqid * 13);
-        v9fs_memread(req, *wqid, local_nwqid * 13);
-    }
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Tgetattr tag[2] fid[4] request_mask[8] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tgetattr(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t fid, uint64_t request_mask,
-                            uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p, 4 + 8, P9_TGETATTR, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, fid);
-    v9fs_uint64_write(req, request_mask);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-typedef struct v9fs_attr {
-    uint64_t valid;
-    v9fs_qid qid;
-    uint32_t mode;
-    uint32_t uid;
-    uint32_t gid;
-    uint64_t nlink;
-    uint64_t rdev;
-    uint64_t size;
-    uint64_t blksize;
-    uint64_t blocks;
-    uint64_t atime_sec;
-    uint64_t atime_nsec;
-    uint64_t mtime_sec;
-    uint64_t mtime_nsec;
-    uint64_t ctime_sec;
-    uint64_t ctime_nsec;
-    uint64_t btime_sec;
-    uint64_t btime_nsec;
-    uint64_t gen;
-    uint64_t data_version;
-} v9fs_attr;
-
-#define P9_GETATTR_BASIC    0x000007ffULL /* Mask for fields up to BLOCKS */
-
-/*
- * size[4] Rgetattr tag[2] valid[8] qid[13] mode[4] uid[4] gid[4] nlink[8]
- *                  rdev[8] size[8] blksize[8] blocks[8]
- *                  atime_sec[8] atime_nsec[8] mtime_sec[8] mtime_nsec[8]
- *                  ctime_sec[8] ctime_nsec[8] btime_sec[8] btime_nsec[8]
- *                  gen[8] data_version[8]
- */
-static void v9fs_rgetattr(P9Req *req, v9fs_attr *attr)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RGETATTR);
-
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->valid);
-    v9fs_memread(req, &attr->qid, 13);
-    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &attr->mode);
-    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &attr->uid);
-    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &attr->gid);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->nlink);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->rdev);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->size);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->blksize);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->blocks);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->atime_sec);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->atime_nsec);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->mtime_sec);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->mtime_nsec);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->ctime_sec);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->ctime_nsec);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->btime_sec);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->btime_nsec);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->gen);
-    v9fs_uint64_read(req, &attr->data_version);
-
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Treaddir tag[2] fid[4] offset[8] count[4] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_treaddir(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t fid, uint64_t offset,
-                            uint32_t count, uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p, 4 + 8 + 4, P9_TREADDIR, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, fid);
-    v9fs_uint64_write(req, offset);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, count);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-struct V9fsDirent {
-    v9fs_qid qid;
-    uint64_t offset;
-    uint8_t type;
-    char *name;
-    struct V9fsDirent *next;
-};
-
-/* size[4] Rreaddir tag[2] count[4] data[count] */
-static void v9fs_rreaddir(P9Req *req, uint32_t *count, uint32_t *nentries,
-                          struct V9fsDirent **entries)
-{
-    uint32_t local_count;
-    struct V9fsDirent *e = NULL;
-    uint16_t slen;
-    uint32_t n = 0;
-
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RREADDIR);
-    v9fs_uint32_read(req, &local_count);
-
-    if (count) {
-        *count = local_count;
-    }
-
-    for (int32_t togo = (int32_t)local_count;
-         togo >= 13 + 8 + 1 + 2;
-         togo -= 13 + 8 + 1 + 2 + slen, ++n)
-    {
-        if (!e) {
-            e = g_new(struct V9fsDirent, 1);
-            if (entries) {
-                *entries = e;
-            }
-        } else {
-            e = e->next = g_new(struct V9fsDirent, 1);
-        }
-        e->next = NULL;
-        /* qid[13] offset[8] type[1] name[s] */
-        v9fs_memread(req, &e->qid, 13);
-        v9fs_uint64_read(req, &e->offset);
-        v9fs_uint8_read(req, &e->type);
-        v9fs_string_read(req, &slen, &e->name);
-    }
-
-    if (nentries) {
-        *nentries = n;
-    }
-
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-static void v9fs_free_dirents(struct V9fsDirent *e)
-{
-    struct V9fsDirent *next = NULL;
-
-    for (; e; e = next) {
-        next = e->next;
-        g_free(e->name);
-        g_free(e);
-    }
-}
-
-/* size[4] Tlopen tag[2] fid[4] flags[4] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tlopen(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t fid, uint32_t flags,
-                          uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p,  4 + 4, P9_TLOPEN, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, fid);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, flags);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rlopen tag[2] qid[13] iounit[4] */
-static void v9fs_rlopen(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid, uint32_t *iounit)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RLOPEN);
-    if (qid) {
-        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
-    } else {
-        v9fs_memskip(req, 13);
-    }
-    if (iounit) {
-        v9fs_uint32_read(req, iounit);
-    }
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Twrite tag[2] fid[4] offset[8] count[4] data[count] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_twrite(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t fid, uint64_t offset,
-                          uint32_t count, const void *data, uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 8 + 4;
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - count);
-    body_size += count;
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p,  body_size, P9_TWRITE, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, fid);
-    v9fs_uint64_write(req, offset);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, count);
-    v9fs_memwrite(req, data, count);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rwrite tag[2] count[4] */
-static void v9fs_rwrite(P9Req *req, uint32_t *count)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RWRITE);
-    if (count) {
-        v9fs_uint32_read(req, count);
-    }
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Tflush tag[2] oldtag[2] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tflush(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint16_t oldtag, uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p,  2, P9_TFLUSH, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, oldtag);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rflush tag[2] */
-static void v9fs_rflush(P9Req *req)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RFLUSH);
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-static void do_version(QVirtio9P *v9p)
-{
-    const char *version = "9P2000.L";
-    uint16_t server_len;
-    g_autofree char *server_version = NULL;
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    req = v9fs_tversion(v9p, P9_MAX_SIZE, version, P9_NOTAG);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rversion(req, &server_len, &server_version);
-
-    g_assert_cmpmem(server_version, server_len, version, strlen(version));
-}
-
-/*
- * utility function: walk to requested dir and return fid for that dir and
- * the QIDs of server response
- */
-static uint32_t do_walk_rqids(QVirtio9P *v9p, const char *path, uint16_t *nwqid,
-                              v9fs_qid **wqid)
-{
-    char **wnames;
-    P9Req *req;
-    const uint32_t fid = genfid();
-
-    int nwnames = split(path, "/", &wnames);
-
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, fid, nwnames, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, nwqid, wqid);
-
-    split_free(&wnames);
-    return fid;
-}
-
-/* utility function: walk to requested dir and return fid for that dir */
-static uint32_t do_walk(QVirtio9P *v9p, const char *path)
-{
-    return do_walk_rqids(v9p, path, NULL, NULL);
-}
-
-/* utility function: walk to requested dir and expect passed error response */
-static void do_walk_expect_error(QVirtio9P *v9p, const char *path, uint32_t err)
-{
-    char **wnames;
-    P9Req *req;
-    uint32_t _err;
-    const uint32_t fid = genfid();
-
-    int nwnames = split(path, "/", &wnames);
-
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, fid, nwnames, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlerror(req, &_err);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(_err, ==, err);
-
-    split_free(&wnames);
-}
-
 static void fs_version(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
-    alloc = t_alloc;
-    do_version(obj);
-}
-
-static void do_attach_rqid(QVirtio9P *v9p, v9fs_qid *qid)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    do_version(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_tattach(v9p, 0, getuid(), 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rattach(req, qid);
-}
-
-static void do_attach(QVirtio9P *v9p)
-{
-    do_attach_rqid(v9p, NULL);
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
+    tversion({ .client = obj });
 }
 
 static void fs_attach(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
-    alloc = t_alloc;
-    do_attach(obj);
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
+    tattach({ .client = obj });
 }
 
 static void fs_walk(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     char *wnames[P9_MAXWELEM];
     uint16_t nwqid;
     g_autofree v9fs_qid *wqid = NULL;
     int i;
-    P9Req *req;
 
     for (i = 0; i < P9_MAXWELEM; i++) {
         wnames[i] = g_strdup_printf(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_WALK_FILE, i);
     }
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, 1, P9_MAXWELEM, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, &nwqid, &wqid);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = 1,
+        .nwname = P9_MAXWELEM, .wnames = wnames,
+        .rwalk = { .nwqid = &nwqid, .wqid = &wqid }
+    });
 
     g_assert_cmpint(nwqid, ==, P9_MAXWELEM);
 
@@ -778,192 +102,37 @@ static bool fs_dirents_contain_name(struct V9fsDirent *e, const char* name)
     return false;
 }
 
-/* size[4] Tmkdir tag[2] dfid[4] name[s] mode[4] gid[4] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tmkdir(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t dfid, const char *name,
-                          uint32_t mode, uint32_t gid, uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4 + 4;
-    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(name);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
-    body_size += string_size;
-
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p, body_size, P9_TMKDIR, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, dfid);
-    v9fs_string_write(req, name);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, mode);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, gid);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rmkdir tag[2] qid[13] */
-static void v9fs_rmkdir(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RMKDIR);
-    if (qid) {
-        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
-    } else {
-        v9fs_memskip(req, 13);
-    }
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Tlcreate tag[2] fid[4] name[s] flags[4] mode[4] gid[4] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tlcreate(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t fid, const char *name,
-                            uint32_t flags, uint32_t mode, uint32_t gid,
-                            uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4 + 4 + 4;
-    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(name);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
-    body_size += string_size;
-
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p, body_size, P9_TLCREATE, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, fid);
-    v9fs_string_write(req, name);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, flags);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, mode);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, gid);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rlcreate tag[2] qid[13] iounit[4] */
-static void v9fs_rlcreate(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid, uint32_t *iounit)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RLCREATE);
-    if (qid) {
-        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
-    } else {
-        v9fs_memskip(req, 13);
-    }
-    if (iounit) {
-        v9fs_uint32_read(req, iounit);
-    }
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Tsymlink tag[2] fid[4] name[s] symtgt[s] gid[4] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tsymlink(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t fid, const char *name,
-                            const char *symtgt, uint32_t gid, uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4;
-    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(name) + v9fs_string_size(symtgt);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
-    body_size += string_size;
-
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p, body_size, P9_TSYMLINK, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, fid);
-    v9fs_string_write(req, name);
-    v9fs_string_write(req, symtgt);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, gid);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rsymlink tag[2] qid[13] */
-static void v9fs_rsymlink(P9Req *req, v9fs_qid *qid)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RSYMLINK);
-    if (qid) {
-        v9fs_memread(req, qid, 13);
-    } else {
-        v9fs_memskip(req, 13);
-    }
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Tlink tag[2] dfid[4] fid[4] name[s] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tlink(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t dfid, uint32_t fid,
-                         const char *name, uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4;
-    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(name);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
-    body_size += string_size;
-
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p, body_size, P9_TLINK, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, dfid);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, fid);
-    v9fs_string_write(req, name);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Rlink tag[2] */
-static void v9fs_rlink(P9Req *req)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RLINK);
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
-/* size[4] Tunlinkat tag[2] dirfd[4] name[s] flags[4] */
-static P9Req *v9fs_tunlinkat(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t dirfd, const char *name,
-                             uint32_t flags, uint16_t tag)
-{
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    uint32_t body_size = 4 + 4;
-    uint16_t string_size = v9fs_string_size(name);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(body_size, <=, UINT32_MAX - string_size);
-    body_size += string_size;
-
-    req = v9fs_req_init(v9p, body_size, P9_TUNLINKAT, tag);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, dirfd);
-    v9fs_string_write(req, name);
-    v9fs_uint32_write(req, flags);
-    v9fs_req_send(req);
-    return req;
-}
-
-/* size[4] Runlinkat tag[2] */
-static void v9fs_runlinkat(P9Req *req)
-{
-    v9fs_req_recv(req, P9_RUNLINKAT);
-    v9fs_req_free(req);
-}
-
 /* basic readdir test where reply fits into a single response message */
 static void fs_readdir(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
-    char *const wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_READDIR_DIR) };
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
+    char *wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_READDIR_DIR) };
     uint16_t nqid;
     v9fs_qid qid;
     uint32_t count, nentries;
     struct V9fsDirent *entries = NULL;
-    P9Req *req;
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, 1, 1, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, &nqid, NULL);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = 1,
+        .nwname = 1, .wnames = wnames, .rwalk.nwqid = &nqid
+    });
     g_assert_cmpint(nqid, ==, 1);
 
-    req = v9fs_tlopen(v9p, 1, O_DIRECTORY, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlopen(req, &qid, NULL);
+    tlopen({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .flags = O_DIRECTORY, .rlopen.qid = &qid
+    });
 
     /*
      * submit count = msize - 11, because 11 is the header size of Rreaddir
      */
-    req = v9fs_treaddir(v9p, 1, 0, P9_MAX_SIZE - 11, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rreaddir(req, &count, &nentries, &entries);
+    treaddir({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .offset = 0, .count = P9_MAX_SIZE - 11,
+        .rreaddir = {
+            .count = &count, .nentries = &nentries, .entries = &entries
+        }
+    });
 
     /*
      * Assuming msize (P9_MAX_SIZE) is large enough so we can retrieve all
@@ -993,16 +162,15 @@ static void fs_readdir(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 /* readdir test where overall request is split over several messages */
 static void do_readdir_split(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t count)
 {
-    char *const wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_READDIR_DIR) };
+    char *wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_READDIR_DIR) };
     uint16_t nqid;
     v9fs_qid qid;
     uint32_t nentries, npartialentries;
     struct V9fsDirent *entries, *tail, *partialentries;
-    P9Req *req;
     int fid;
     uint64_t offset;
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
 
     fid = 1;
     offset = 0;
@@ -1010,14 +178,15 @@ static void do_readdir_split(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t count)
     nentries = 0;
     tail = NULL;
 
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, fid, 1, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, &nqid, NULL);
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = fid,
+        .nwname = 1, .wnames = wnames, .rwalk.nwqid = &nqid
+    });
     g_assert_cmpint(nqid, ==, 1);
 
-    req = v9fs_tlopen(v9p, fid, O_DIRECTORY, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlopen(req, &qid, NULL);
+    tlopen({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = fid, .flags = O_DIRECTORY, .rlopen.qid = &qid
+    });
 
     /*
      * send as many Treaddir requests as required to get all directory
@@ -1027,9 +196,13 @@ static void do_readdir_split(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t count)
         npartialentries = 0;
         partialentries = NULL;
 
-        req = v9fs_treaddir(v9p, fid, offset, count, 0);
-        v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-        v9fs_rreaddir(req, &count, &npartialentries, &partialentries);
+        treaddir({
+            .client = v9p, .fid = fid, .offset = offset, .count = count,
+            .rreaddir = {
+                .count = &count, .nentries = &npartialentries,
+                .entries = &partialentries
+            }
+        });
         if (npartialentries > 0 && partialentries) {
             if (!entries) {
                 entries = partialentries;
@@ -1073,17 +246,14 @@ static void do_readdir_split(QVirtio9P *v9p, uint32_t count)
 static void fs_walk_no_slash(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
-    char *const wnames[] = { g_strdup(" /") };
-    P9Req *req;
-    uint32_t err;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
+    char *wnames[] = { g_strdup(" /") };
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, 1, 1, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, ENOENT);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = 1, .nwname = 1, .wnames = wnames,
+        .expectErr = ENOENT
+    });
 
     g_free(wnames[0]);
 }
@@ -1091,32 +261,34 @@ static void fs_walk_no_slash(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_walk_nonexistent(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
     /*
      * The 9p2000 protocol spec says: "If the first element cannot be walked
      * for any reason, Rerror is returned."
      */
-    do_walk_expect_error(v9p, "non-existent", ENOENT);
+    twalk({ .client = v9p, .path = "non-existent", .expectErr = ENOENT });
 }
 
 static void fs_walk_2nd_nonexistent(void *obj, void *data,
                                     QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     v9fs_qid root_qid;
     uint16_t nwqid;
-    uint32_t fid, err;
-    P9Req *req;
+    uint32_t fid;
     g_autofree v9fs_qid *wqid = NULL;
     g_autofree char *path = g_strdup_printf(
         QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_WALK_FILE "/non-existent", 0
     );
 
-    do_attach_rqid(v9p, &root_qid);
-    fid = do_walk_rqids(v9p, path, &nwqid, &wqid);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p, .rattach.qid = &root_qid });
+    fid = twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .path = path,
+        .rwalk = { .nwqid = &nwqid, .wqid = &wqid }
+    }).newfid;
     /*
      * The 9p2000 protocol spec says: "nwqid is therefore either nwname or the
      * index of the first elementwise walk that failed."
@@ -1127,37 +299,38 @@ static void fs_walk_2nd_nonexistent(void *obj, void *data,
     g_assert(wqid && wqid[0] && !is_same_qid(root_qid, wqid[0]));
 
     /* expect fid being unaffected by walk above */
-    req = v9fs_tgetattr(v9p, fid, P9_GETATTR_BASIC, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlerror(req, &err);
-
-    g_assert_cmpint(err, ==, ENOENT);
+    tgetattr({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = fid, .request_mask = P9_GETATTR_BASIC,
+        .expectErr = ENOENT
+    });
 }
 
 static void fs_walk_none(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     v9fs_qid root_qid;
     g_autofree v9fs_qid *wqid = NULL;
-    P9Req *req;
     struct v9fs_attr attr;
 
-    do_version(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_tattach(v9p, 0, getuid(), 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rattach(req, &root_qid);
+    tversion({ .client = v9p });
+    tattach({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .n_uname = getuid(),
+        .rattach.qid = &root_qid
+    });
 
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, 1, 0, NULL, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, NULL, &wqid);
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = 1, .nwname = 0, .wnames = NULL,
+        .rwalk.wqid = &wqid
+    });
 
     /* special case: no QID is returned if nwname=0 was sent */
     g_assert(wqid == NULL);
 
-    req = v9fs_tgetattr(v9p, 1, P9_GETATTR_BASIC, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rgetattr(req, &attr);
+    tgetattr({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .request_mask = P9_GETATTR_BASIC,
+        .rgetattr.attr = &attr
+    });
 
     g_assert(is_same_qid(root_qid, attr.qid));
 }
@@ -1165,20 +338,21 @@ static void fs_walk_none(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_walk_dotdot(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
-    char *const wnames[] = { g_strdup("..") };
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
+    char *wnames[] = { g_strdup("..") };
     v9fs_qid root_qid;
     g_autofree v9fs_qid *wqid = NULL;
-    P9Req *req;
 
-    do_version(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_tattach(v9p, 0, getuid(), 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rattach(req, &root_qid);
+    tversion({ .client = v9p });
+    tattach({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .n_uname = getuid(),
+        .rattach.qid = &root_qid
+    });
 
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, 1, 1, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, NULL, &wqid); /* We now we'll get one qid */
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = 1, .nwname = 1, .wnames = wnames,
+        .rwalk.wqid = &wqid /* We now we'll get one qid */
+    });
 
     g_assert_cmpmem(&root_qid, 13, wqid[0], 13);
 
@@ -1188,18 +362,15 @@ static void fs_walk_dotdot(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_lopen(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
-    char *const wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_LOPEN_FILE) };
-    P9Req *req;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
+    char *wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_LOPEN_FILE) };
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, 1, 1, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, NULL, NULL);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = 1, .nwname = 1, .wnames = wnames
+    });
 
-    req = v9fs_tlopen(v9p, 1, O_WRONLY, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlopen(req, NULL, NULL);
+    tlopen({ .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .flags = O_WRONLY });
 
     g_free(wnames[0]);
 }
@@ -1207,25 +378,23 @@ static void fs_lopen(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_write(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     static const uint32_t write_count = P9_MAX_SIZE / 2;
-    char *const wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_WRITE_FILE) };
+    char *wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_WRITE_FILE) };
     g_autofree char *buf = g_malloc0(write_count);
     uint32_t count;
-    P9Req *req;
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, 1, 1, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, NULL, NULL);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = 1, .nwname = 1, .wnames = wnames
+    });
 
-    req = v9fs_tlopen(v9p, 1, O_WRONLY, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlopen(req, NULL, NULL);
+    tlopen({ .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .flags = O_WRONLY });
 
-    req = v9fs_twrite(v9p, 1, 0, write_count, buf, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwrite(req, &count);
+    count = twrite({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .offset = 0, .count = write_count,
+        .data = buf
+    }).count;
     g_assert_cmpint(count, ==, write_count);
 
     g_free(wnames[0]);
@@ -1234,28 +403,32 @@ static void fs_write(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_flush_success(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
-    char *const wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_FLUSH_FILE) };
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
+    char *wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_FLUSH_FILE) };
     P9Req *req, *flush_req;
     uint32_t reply_len;
     uint8_t should_block;
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, 1, 1, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, NULL, NULL);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = 1, .nwname = 1, .wnames = wnames
+    });
 
-    req = v9fs_tlopen(v9p, 1, O_WRONLY, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlopen(req, NULL, NULL);
+    tlopen({ .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .flags = O_WRONLY });
 
     /* This will cause the 9p server to try to write data to the backend,
      * until the write request gets cancelled.
      */
     should_block = 1;
-    req = v9fs_twrite(v9p, 1, 0, sizeof(should_block), &should_block, 0);
+    req = twrite({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .offset = 0,
+        .count = sizeof(should_block), .data = &should_block,
+        .requestOnly = true
+    }).req;
 
-    flush_req = v9fs_tflush(v9p, req->tag, 1);
+    flush_req = tflush({
+        .client = v9p, .oldtag = req->tag, .tag = 1, .requestOnly = true
+    }).req;
 
     /* The write request is supposed to be flushed: the server should just
      * mark the write request as used and reply to the flush request.
@@ -1271,28 +444,32 @@ static void fs_flush_success(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_flush_ignored(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
-    char *const wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_FLUSH_FILE) };
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
+    char *wnames[] = { g_strdup(QTEST_V9FS_SYNTH_FLUSH_FILE) };
     P9Req *req, *flush_req;
     uint32_t count;
     uint8_t should_block;
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    req = v9fs_twalk(v9p, 0, 1, 1, wnames, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rwalk(req, NULL, NULL);
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    twalk({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 0, .newfid = 1, .nwname = 1, .wnames = wnames
+    });
 
-    req = v9fs_tlopen(v9p, 1, O_WRONLY, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlopen(req, NULL, NULL);
+    tlopen({ .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .flags = O_WRONLY });
 
     /* This will cause the write request to complete right away, before it
      * could be actually cancelled.
      */
     should_block = 0;
-    req = v9fs_twrite(v9p, 1, 0, sizeof(should_block), &should_block, 0);
+    req = twrite({
+        .client = v9p, .fid = 1, .offset = 0,
+        .count = sizeof(should_block), .data = &should_block,
+        .requestOnly = true
+    }).req;
 
-    flush_req = v9fs_tflush(v9p, req->tag, 1);
+    flush_req = tflush({
+        .client = v9p, .oldtag = req->tag, .tag = 1, .requestOnly = true
+    }).req;
 
     /* The write request is supposed to complete. The server should
      * reply to the write request and the flush request.
@@ -1305,99 +482,24 @@ static void fs_flush_ignored(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
     g_free(wnames[0]);
 }
 
-static void do_mkdir(QVirtio9P *v9p, const char *path, const char *cname)
-{
-    g_autofree char *name = g_strdup(cname);
-    uint32_t fid;
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    fid = do_walk(v9p, path);
-
-    req = v9fs_tmkdir(v9p, fid, name, 0750, 0, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rmkdir(req, NULL);
-}
-
-/* create a regular file with Tlcreate and return file's fid */
-static uint32_t do_lcreate(QVirtio9P *v9p, const char *path,
-                           const char *cname)
-{
-    g_autofree char *name = g_strdup(cname);
-    uint32_t fid;
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    fid = do_walk(v9p, path);
-
-    req = v9fs_tlcreate(v9p, fid, name, 0, 0750, 0, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlcreate(req, NULL, NULL);
-
-    return fid;
-}
-
-/* create symlink named @a clink in directory @a path pointing to @a to */
-static void do_symlink(QVirtio9P *v9p, const char *path, const char *clink,
-                       const char *to)
-{
-    g_autofree char *name = g_strdup(clink);
-    g_autofree char *dst = g_strdup(to);
-    uint32_t fid;
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    fid = do_walk(v9p, path);
-
-    req = v9fs_tsymlink(v9p, fid, name, dst, 0, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rsymlink(req, NULL);
-}
-
-/* create a hard link named @a clink in directory @a path pointing to @a to */
-static void do_hardlink(QVirtio9P *v9p, const char *path, const char *clink,
-                        const char *to)
-{
-    uint32_t dfid, fid;
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    dfid = do_walk(v9p, path);
-    fid = do_walk(v9p, to);
-
-    req = v9fs_tlink(v9p, dfid, fid, clink, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_rlink(req);
-}
-
-static void do_unlinkat(QVirtio9P *v9p, const char *atpath, const char *rpath,
-                        uint32_t flags)
-{
-    g_autofree char *name = g_strdup(rpath);
-    uint32_t fid;
-    P9Req *req;
-
-    fid = do_walk(v9p, atpath);
-
-    req = v9fs_tunlinkat(v9p, fid, name, flags, 0);
-    v9fs_req_wait_for_reply(req, NULL);
-    v9fs_runlinkat(req);
-}
-
 static void fs_readdir_split_128(void *obj, void *data,
                                  QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     do_readdir_split(obj, 128);
 }
 
 static void fs_readdir_split_256(void *obj, void *data,
                                  QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     do_readdir_split(obj, 256);
 }
 
 static void fs_readdir_split_512(void *obj, void *data,
                                  QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     do_readdir_split(obj, 512);
 }
 
@@ -1407,15 +509,15 @@ static void fs_readdir_split_512(void *obj, void *data,
 static void fs_create_dir(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     struct stat st;
     g_autofree char *root_path = virtio_9p_test_path("");
     g_autofree char *new_dir = virtio_9p_test_path("01");
 
     g_assert(root_path != NULL);
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    do_mkdir(v9p, "/", "01");
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    tmkdir({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "/", .name = "01" });
 
     /* check if created directory really exists now ... */
     g_assert(stat(new_dir, &st) == 0);
@@ -1426,22 +528,25 @@ static void fs_create_dir(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_unlinkat_dir(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     struct stat st;
     g_autofree char *root_path = virtio_9p_test_path("");
     g_autofree char *new_dir = virtio_9p_test_path("02");
 
     g_assert(root_path != NULL);
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    do_mkdir(v9p, "/", "02");
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    tmkdir({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "/", .name = "02" });
 
     /* check if created directory really exists now ... */
     g_assert(stat(new_dir, &st) == 0);
     /* ... and is actually a directory */
     g_assert((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR);
 
-    do_unlinkat(v9p, "/", "02", P9_DOTL_AT_REMOVEDIR);
+    tunlinkat({
+        .client = v9p, .atPath = "/", .name = "02",
+        .flags = P9_DOTL_AT_REMOVEDIR
+    });
     /* directory should be gone now */
     g_assert(stat(new_dir, &st) != 0);
 }
@@ -1449,13 +554,13 @@ static void fs_unlinkat_dir(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_create_file(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     struct stat st;
     g_autofree char *new_file = virtio_9p_test_path("03/1st_file");
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    do_mkdir(v9p, "/", "03");
-    do_lcreate(v9p, "03", "1st_file");
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    tmkdir({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "/", .name = "03" });
+    tlcreate({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "03", .name = "1st_file" });
 
     /* check if created file exists now ... */
     g_assert(stat(new_file, &st) == 0);
@@ -1466,20 +571,20 @@ static void fs_create_file(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_unlinkat_file(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     struct stat st;
     g_autofree char *new_file = virtio_9p_test_path("04/doa_file");
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    do_mkdir(v9p, "/", "04");
-    do_lcreate(v9p, "04", "doa_file");
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    tmkdir({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "/", .name = "04" });
+    tlcreate({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "04", .name = "doa_file" });
 
     /* check if created file exists now ... */
     g_assert(stat(new_file, &st) == 0);
     /* ... and is a regular file */
     g_assert((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG);
 
-    do_unlinkat(v9p, "04", "doa_file", 0);
+    tunlinkat({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "04", .name = "doa_file" });
     /* file should be gone now */
     g_assert(stat(new_file, &st) != 0);
 }
@@ -1487,18 +592,21 @@ static void fs_unlinkat_file(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 static void fs_symlink_file(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     struct stat st;
     g_autofree char *real_file = virtio_9p_test_path("05/real_file");
     g_autofree char *symlink_file = virtio_9p_test_path("05/symlink_file");
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    do_mkdir(v9p, "/", "05");
-    do_lcreate(v9p, "05", "real_file");
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    tmkdir({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "/", .name = "05" });
+    tlcreate({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "05", .name = "real_file" });
     g_assert(stat(real_file, &st) == 0);
     g_assert((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG);
 
-    do_symlink(v9p, "05", "symlink_file", "real_file");
+    tsymlink({
+        .client = v9p, .atPath = "05", .name = "symlink_file",
+        .symtgt = "real_file"
+    });
 
     /* check if created link exists now */
     g_assert(stat(symlink_file, &st) == 0);
@@ -1508,21 +616,24 @@ static void fs_unlinkat_symlink(void *obj, void *data,
                                 QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     struct stat st;
     g_autofree char *real_file = virtio_9p_test_path("06/real_file");
     g_autofree char *symlink_file = virtio_9p_test_path("06/symlink_file");
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    do_mkdir(v9p, "/", "06");
-    do_lcreate(v9p, "06", "real_file");
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    tmkdir({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "/", .name = "06" });
+    tlcreate({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "06", .name = "real_file" });
     g_assert(stat(real_file, &st) == 0);
     g_assert((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG);
 
-    do_symlink(v9p, "06", "symlink_file", "real_file");
+    tsymlink({
+        .client = v9p, .atPath = "06", .name = "symlink_file",
+        .symtgt = "real_file"
+    });
     g_assert(stat(symlink_file, &st) == 0);
 
-    do_unlinkat(v9p, "06", "symlink_file", 0);
+    tunlinkat({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "06", .name = "symlink_file" });
     /* symlink should be gone now */
     g_assert(stat(symlink_file, &st) != 0);
 }
@@ -1530,18 +641,21 @@ static void fs_unlinkat_symlink(void *obj, void *data,
 static void fs_hardlink_file(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     struct stat st_real, st_link;
     g_autofree char *real_file = virtio_9p_test_path("07/real_file");
     g_autofree char *hardlink_file = virtio_9p_test_path("07/hardlink_file");
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    do_mkdir(v9p, "/", "07");
-    do_lcreate(v9p, "07", "real_file");
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    tmkdir({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "/", .name = "07" });
+    tlcreate({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "07", .name = "real_file" });
     g_assert(stat(real_file, &st_real) == 0);
     g_assert((st_real.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG);
 
-    do_hardlink(v9p, "07", "hardlink_file", "07/real_file");
+    tlink({
+        .client = v9p, .atPath = "07", .name = "hardlink_file",
+        .toPath = "07/real_file"
+    });
 
     /* check if link exists now ... */
     g_assert(stat(hardlink_file, &st_link) == 0);
@@ -1555,21 +669,24 @@ static void fs_unlinkat_hardlink(void *obj, void *data,
                                  QGuestAllocator *t_alloc)
 {
     QVirtio9P *v9p = obj;
-    alloc = t_alloc;
+    v9fs_set_allocator(t_alloc);
     struct stat st_real, st_link;
     g_autofree char *real_file = virtio_9p_test_path("08/real_file");
     g_autofree char *hardlink_file = virtio_9p_test_path("08/hardlink_file");
 
-    do_attach(v9p);
-    do_mkdir(v9p, "/", "08");
-    do_lcreate(v9p, "08", "real_file");
+    tattach({ .client = v9p });
+    tmkdir({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "/", .name = "08" });
+    tlcreate({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "08", .name = "real_file" });
     g_assert(stat(real_file, &st_real) == 0);
     g_assert((st_real.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG);
 
-    do_hardlink(v9p, "08", "hardlink_file", "08/real_file");
+    tlink({
+        .client = v9p, .atPath = "08", .name = "hardlink_file",
+        .toPath = "08/real_file"
+    });
     g_assert(stat(hardlink_file, &st_link) == 0);
 
-    do_unlinkat(v9p, "08", "hardlink_file", 0);
+    tunlinkat({ .client = v9p, .atPath = "08", .name = "hardlink_file" });
     /* symlink should be gone now */
     g_assert(stat(hardlink_file, &st_link) != 0);
     /* and old file should still exist */