[flang] Add & use a better visit()

Adds flang/include/flang/Common/visit.h, which defines
a Fortran::common::visit() template function that is a drop-in
replacement for std::visit().  Modifies most use sites in
the front-end and runtime to use common::visit().

The C++ standard mandates that std::visit() have O(1) execution
time, which forces implementations to build dispatch tables.
This new common::visit() is O(log2 N) in the number of alternatives
in a variant<>, but that N tends to be small and so this change
produces a fairly significant improvement in compiler build
memory requirements, a 5-10% improvement in compiler build time,
and a small improvement in compiler execution time.

Building with -DFLANG_USE_STD_VISIT causes common::visit()
to be an alias for std::visit().

Calls to common::visit() with multiple variant arguments
are referred to std::visit(), pending further work.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D122441

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