[clang][Driver] Clean up UEFI linker argument handling (#159639)

This makes the UEFI driver's handling of linking more canonical
in a few ways:
 * Use /option:value syntax with lld-link as in the MSVC driver.
 * Handle -nostdlib, -nodefaultlibs, -r and call common
   subroutines when they aren't set.  This covers sanitizer and
   profile runtimes and their associated switches; compiler-rt
   builds do not yet provide these libraries, but the driver
   behavior is opt-in and supports all the opt-in/out plumbing
   like other targets do.  This lets command lines immediately
   use the opt-out switches even when they are superfluous for
   opt-in features, as build system plumbing often needs to do.

It also updates some TODO comments for how the driver behavior
will look when more runtime support is ready.

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