[AArch64] Stack probing for function prologues (#66524)

This adds code to AArch64 function prologues to protect against stack
clash attacks by probing (writing to) the stack at regular enough
intervals to ensure that the guard page cannot be skipped over.

The patch depends on and maintains the following invariants:

Upon function entry the caller guarantees that it has probed the stack
(e.g. performed a store) at some address [sp, #N], where`0 <= N <=
1024`. This invariant comes from a requirement for compatibility with
GCC. Any address range in the allocated stack, no smaller than
stack-probe-size bytes contains at least one probe At any time the stack
pointer is above or in the guard page Probes are performed in
descreasing address order
The stack-probe-size is a function attribute that can be set by a
platform to correspond to the guard page size.

By default, the stack probe size is 4KiB, which is a safe default as
this is the smallest possible page size for AArch64. Linux uses a 64KiB
guard for AArch64, so this can be overridden by the stack-probe-size
function attribute.

For small frames without a frame pointer (<= 240 bytes), no probes are
needed.

For larger frame sizes, LLVM always stores x29 to the stack. This serves
as an implicit stack probe. Thus, while allocating stack objects the
compiler assumes that the stack has been probed at [sp].

There are multiple probing sequences that can be emitted, depending on
the size of the stack allocation:

A straight-line sequence of subtracts and stores, used when the
allocation size is smaller than 5 guard pages. A loop allocating and
probing one page size per iteration, plus at most a single probe to deal
with the remainder, used when the allocation size is larger but still
known at compile time. A loop which moves the SP down to the target
value held in a register (or a loop, moving a scratch register to the
target value help in SP), used when the allocation size is not known at
compile-time, such as when allocating space for SVE values, or when
over-aligning the stack. This is emitted in AArch64InstrInfo because it
will also be used for dynamic allocas in a future patch. A single probe
where the amount of stack adjustment is unknown, but is known to be less
than or equal to a page size.

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Co-authored-by: Oliver Stannard <oliver.stannard@linaro.org>

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