[ASan] Do not instrument catch block parameters on Windows (#159618)

**Mitigation for:** https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/749

**Disclosure:** I'm not an ASan compiler expert yet (I'm trying to
learn!), I primarily work in the runtime. Some of this PR was developed
with the help of AI tools (primarily as a "fuzzy `grep` engine"), but
I've manually refined and tested the output, and can speak for every
line. In general, I used it only to orient myself and for
"rubberducking".

**Context:**

The msvc ASan team (👋 ) has received an internal request to improve
clang's exception handling under ASan for Windows. Namely, we're
interested in **mitigating** this bug:
https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/749

To summarize, today, clang + ASan produces a false-positive error for
this program:

```C++
#include <cstdio>
#include <exception>
int main()
{
	try	{
		throw std::exception("test");
	}catch (const std::exception& ex){
		puts(ex.what());
	}
	return 0;
}
```

The error reads as such:


```
C:\Users\dajusto\source\repros\upstream>type main.cpp
#include <cstdio>
#include <exception>
int main()
{
        try     {
                throw std::exception("test");
        }catch (const std::exception& ex){
                puts(ex.what());
        }
        return 0;
}
C:\Users\dajusto\source\repros\upstream>"C:\Users\dajusto\source\repos\llvm-project\build.runtimes\bin\clang.exe" -fsanitize=address -g -O0 main.cpp

C:\Users\dajusto\source\repros\upstream>a.exe
=================================================================
==19112==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: access-violation on unknown address 0x000000000000 (pc 0x7ff72c7c11d9 bp 0x0080000ff960 sp 0x0080000fcf50 T0)
==19112==The signal is caused by a READ memory access.
==19112==Hint: address points to the zero page.
    #0 0x7ff72c7c11d8 in main C:\Users\dajusto\source\repros\upstream\main.cpp:8
    #1 0x7ff72c7d479f in _CallSettingFrame C:\repos\msvc\src\vctools\crt\vcruntime\src\eh\amd64\handlers.asm:49
    #2 0x7ff72c7c8944 in __FrameHandler3::CxxCallCatchBlock(struct _EXCEPTION_RECORD *) C:\repos\msvc\src\vctools\crt\vcruntime\src\eh\frame.cpp:1567
    #3 0x7ffb4a90e3e5  (C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll+0x18012e3e5)
    #4 0x7ff72c7c1128 in main C:\Users\dajusto\source\repros\upstream\main.cpp:6
    #5 0x7ff72c7c33db in invoke_main C:\repos\msvc\src\vctools\crt\vcstartup\src\startup\exe_common.inl:78
    #6 0x7ff72c7c33db in __scrt_common_main_seh C:\repos\msvc\src\vctools\crt\vcstartup\src\startup\exe_common.inl:288
    #7 0x7ffb49b05c06  (C:\WINDOWS\System32\KERNEL32.DLL+0x180035c06)
    #8 0x7ffb4a8455ef  (C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\ntdll.dll+0x1800655ef)

==19112==Register values:
rax = 0  rbx = 80000ff8e0  rcx = 27d76d00000  rdx = 80000ff8e0
rdi = 80000fdd50  rsi = 80000ff6a0  rbp = 80000ff960  rsp = 80000fcf50
r8  = 100  r9  = 19930520  r10 = 8000503a90  r11 = 80000fd540
r12 = 80000fd020  r13 = 0  r14 = 80000fdeb8  r15 = 0
AddressSanitizer can not provide additional info.
SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: access-violation C:\Users\dajusto\source\repros\upstream\main.cpp:8 in main
==19112==ABORTING
```

The root of the issue _appears to be_ that ASan's instrumentation is
incompatible with Window's assumptions for instantiating `catch`-block's
parameters (`ex` in the snippet above).

The nitty gritty details are lost on me, but I understand that to make
this work without loss of ASan coverage, a "serious" refactoring is
needed. In the meantime, users risk false positive errors when pairing
ASan + catch-block parameters on Windows.

**To mitigate this** I think we should avoid instrumenting catch-block
parameters on Windows. It appears to me this is as "simple" as marking
catch block parameters as "uninteresting" in
`AddressSanitizer::isInterestingAlloca`. My manual tests seem to confirm
this.

I believe this is strictly better than today's status quo, where the
runtime generates false positives. Although we're now explicitly
choosing to instrument less, the benefit is that now more programs can
run with ASan without _funky_ macros that disable ASan on exception
blocks.

**This PR:** implements the mitigation above, and creates a simple new
test for it.

_Thanks!_

---------

Co-authored-by: Antonio Frighetto <me@antoniofrighetto.com>

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