[libc++] Optimize ranges::{for_each, for_each_n} for segmented iterators (#132896)

Previously, the segmented iterator optimization was limited to `std::{for_each, for_each_n}`. This patch
extends the optimization to `std::ranges::for_each` and `std::ranges::for_each_n`, ensuring consistent
optimizations across these algorithms. This patch first generalizes the `std` algorithms by introducing
a `Projection` parameter, which is set to `__identity` for the `std` algorithms. Then we let the `ranges`
algorithms to directly call their `std` counterparts with a general `__proj` argument. Benchmarks
demonstrate performance improvements of up to 21.4x for ``std::deque::iterator`` and 22.3x for
``join_view`` of ``vector<vector<char>>``.

Addresses a subtask of #102817.

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