[libc][math] fix loose except check in `{EXPECT,ASSERT}_FP_EXCEPTION` macros (#88816)

Adds more FP test macros for the upcoming test adds for #61092 and the
issues opened from it: #88768, #88769, #88770, #88771, #88772.

Fix bug in `{EXPECT,ASSERT}_FP_EXCEPTION`. `EXPECT_FP_EXCEPTION(0)`
seems to be used to test that an exception did not happen, but it always
does `EXPECT_GE(... & 0, 0)` which never fails.

Update and refactor tests that break after the above bug fix. An
interesting way things broke after the above change is that
`ForceRoundingMode` and `quick_get_round()` were raising the inexact
exception, breaking a lot of the `atan*` tests.

The changes for all files other than `FPMatcher.h` and
`libc/test/src/math/smoke/RoundToIntegerTest.h` should have the same
semantics as before. For `RoundToIntegerTest.h`, lines 56-58 before the
changes do not always hold since this test is used for functions with
different exception and errno behavior like `lrint` and `lround`. I've
deleted those lines for now, but tests for those cases should be added
for the different nearest int functions to account for this.

Adding @nickdesaulniers for review.

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