[ValueTracking] Provide getUnderlyingObjectAggressive fallback (#123019)

This callsite assumes `getUnderlyingObjectAggressive` returns a non-null
pointer:

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/273a94b3d5a78cd9122c7b3bbb5d5a87147735d2/llvm/lib/Transforms/IPO/FunctionAttrs.cpp#L124

But it can return null when there are cycles in the value chain so there
is no more `Worklist` item anymore to explore, in which case it just
returns `Object` at the end of the function without ever setting it:
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/9b5857a68381652dbea2a0c9efa734b6c4cf38c9/llvm/lib/Analysis/ValueTracking.cpp#L6866-L6867
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/9b5857a68381652dbea2a0c9efa734b6c4cf38c9/llvm/lib/Analysis/ValueTracking.cpp#L6889

`getUnderlyingObject` does not seem to return null either judging by
looking at its code and its callsites, so I think it is not likely to be
the author's intention that `getUnderlyingObjectAggressive` returns
null.

So this checks whether `Object` is null at the end, and if so, falls
back to the original first value.

---

The test case here was reduced by bugpoint and further reduced manually,
but I find it hard to reduce it further.

To trigger this bug, the memory operation should not be reachable from
the entry BB, because the `phi`s should form a cycle without introducing
another value from the entry. I tried a minimal `phi` cycle with three
BBs (entry BB + two BBs in a cycle), but it was skipped here:
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/273a94b3d5a78cd9122c7b3bbb5d5a87147735d2/llvm/lib/Transforms/IPO/FunctionAttrs.cpp#L121-L122
To get the result that's not `ModRefInfo::NoModRef`, the length of `phi`
chain needed to be greater than the `MaxLookup` value set in this
function:

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/02403f4e450b86d93197dd34045ff40a34b21494/llvm/lib/Analysis/BasicAliasAnalysis.cpp#L744

But just lengthening the `phi` chain to 8 didn't trigger the same error
in `getUnderlyingObjectAggressive` because `getUnderlyingObject` here
passes through a single-chain `phi`s so not all `phi`s end up in
`Visited`:

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/9b5857a68381652dbea2a0c9efa734b6c4cf38c9/llvm/lib/Analysis/ValueTracking.cpp#L6863

So I just submit here the smallest test case I managed to create.

---

Fixes #117308 and fixes #122166.

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