[libc++] Optimize {std,ranges}::distance for segmented iterators (#133612)

This patch enhances the performance of `std::distance` and
`std::ranges::distance` for non-random-access segmented iterators, e.g.,
`std::join_view` iterators. The original implementation operates in
linear time, `O(n)`, where `n` is the total number of elements. The
optimized version reduces this to approximately `O(n / segment_size)` by
leveraging segmented structure, where `segment_size` is the average size
of each segment.

The table below summarizes the peak performance improvements observed
across different segment sizes, with the total element count `n` ranging
up to `1 << 20` (1,048,576 elements), based on benchmark results.

```
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Container/n/segment_size                          std::distance     std::ranges::distance
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
join_view(vector<vector<int>>)/1048576/256	         401.6x	              422.9x
join_view(deque<deque<int>>)/1048576/256 	         112.1x	              132.6x
join_view(vector<vector<int>>)/1048576/1024         1669.2x              1559.1x
join_view(deque<deque<int>>)/1048576/1024            487.7x               497.4x
```

## Benchmarks


#### Segment size = 1024

```
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benchmark                                                    Before      After    Speedup
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/50            38.8 ns     1.01 ns     38.4x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/1024           660 ns     1.02 ns    647.1x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/4096          2934 ns     1.98 ns   1481.8x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/8192          5751 ns     3.92 ns   1466.8x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/16384        11520 ns     7.06 ns   1631.7x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/65536        46367 ns     32.2 ns   1440.6x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/262144      182611 ns      114 ns   1601.9x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/1048576     737785 ns      442 ns   1669.2x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/50              53.1 ns     6.13 ns      8.7x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/1024             854 ns     7.53 ns    113.4x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/4096            3507 ns     14.7 ns    238.6x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/8192            7114 ns     17.6 ns    404.2x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/16384          13997 ns     30.7 ns    455.9x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/65536          55598 ns      114 ns    487.7x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/262144        214293 ns      480 ns    446.4x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/1048576       833000 ns     2183 ns    381.6x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/50            39.1 ns     1.10 ns     35.5x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/1024           689 ns     1.14 ns    604.4x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/4096          2753 ns     2.15 ns   1280.5x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/8192          5530 ns     4.61 ns   1199.6x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/16384        10968 ns     7.97 ns   1376.2x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/65536        46009 ns     35.3 ns   1303.4x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/262144      190569 ns      124 ns   1536.9x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/1048576     746724 ns      479 ns   1559.1x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/50              51.6 ns     6.57 ns      7.9x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/1024             826 ns     6.50 ns    127.1x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/4096            3323 ns     12.5 ns    265.8x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/8192            6619 ns     19.1 ns    346.5x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/16384          13495 ns     33.2 ns    406.5x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/65536          53668 ns      114 ns    470.8x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/262144        236277 ns      475 ns    497.4x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/1048576       914177 ns     2157 ns    423.8x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
```



#### Segment size = 256

```
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benchmark                                                    Before      After    Speedup
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/50            38.1 ns     1.02 ns     37.4x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/1024           689 ns     2.06 ns    334.5x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/4096          2815 ns     7.01 ns    401.6x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/8192          5507 ns     14.3 ns    385.1x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/16384        11050 ns     33.7 ns    327.9x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/65536        44197 ns      118 ns    374.6x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/262144      175793 ns      449 ns    391.5x
std::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/1048576     703242 ns     2140 ns    328.7x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/50              50.2 ns     6.12 ns      8.2x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/1024             835 ns     11.4 ns     73.2x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/4096            3353 ns     32.9 ns    101.9x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/8192            6711 ns     64.2 ns    104.5x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/16384          13231 ns      118 ns    112.1x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/65536          53523 ns      556 ns     96.3x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/262144        219101 ns     2166 ns    101.2x
std::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/1048576       880277 ns    15852 ns     55.5x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/50            37.7 ns     1.13 ns     33.4x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/1024           697 ns     2.14 ns    325.7x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/4096          2804 ns     7.52 ns    373.0x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/8192          5749 ns     15.2 ns    378.2x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/16384        11742 ns     34.8 ns    337.4x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/65536        47274 ns      116 ns    407.7x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/262144      187774 ns      444 ns    422.9x
rng::distance(join_view(vector<vector<int>>))/1048576     749724 ns     2109 ns    355.5x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/50              53.0 ns     6.09 ns      8.7x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/1024             895 ns     11.0 ns     81.4x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/4096            3825 ns     30.6 ns    125.0x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/8192            7550 ns     60.5 ns    124.8x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/16384          14847 ns      112 ns    132.6x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/65536          56888 ns      453 ns    125.6x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/262144        231395 ns     2034 ns    113.8x
rng::distance(join_view(deque<deque<int>>))/1048576       933093 ns    15012 ns     62.2x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
```

Addresses a subtask of #102817.

---------

Co-authored-by: Louis Dionne <ldionne.2@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: A. Jiang <de34@live.cn>

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