[libc++][math] Fix undue overflowing of `std::hypot(x,y,z)` (#100820)

This is in relation to mr #93350. It was merged to main, but reverted
because of failing sanitizer builds on PowerPC.

The fix includes replacing the hard-coded threshold constants (e.g.
`__overflow_threshold`) for different floating-point sizes by a general
computation using `std::ldexp`. Thus, it should now work for all architectures.
This has the drawback of not being `constexpr` anymore as `std::ldexp`
is not implemented as `constexpr` (even though the standard mandates it
for C++23).

Closes #92782

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