[clang] Use canonical type for substitution which might be incomplete (#109065)

When checking deduction consistency, a substitution can be incomplete
such that only sugar parts refer to non-deduced template parameters.

This would not otherwise lead to an inconsistent deduction, so this
patch makes it so we canonicalize the types before substitution in order
to avoid that possibility, for now.

When we are able to produce substitution failure diagnostics for partial
ordering, we might want to improve the TemplateInstantiator so that it
does not fail in that case.

This fixes a regression on top of #100692, which was reported on the PR.
This was never released, so there are no release notes.

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