[libc++][format] Add __format_arg_store.

This implements the struct `__format_arg_store` and its dependencies:
* the class basic_format_arg,
* the class basic_format_args,
* the class basic_format_context,
* the function make_format_args,
* the function wmake_format_args,
* the function visit_format_arg,
* several Standard required typedefs.

The following parts will be implemented in a later patch:

* the child class `basic_format_arg::handle`,
* the function `basic_format_arg::basic_format_arg(const T* p)`.

The following extension has been implemented:
* the class basic_format_arg supports `__[u]int128_t` on platform where libc++ supports 128 bit integrals.

Implements parts of:
* P0645 Text Formatting

Completes:
* LWG3371 visit_format_arg and make_format_args are not hidden friends
* LWG3542 basic_format_arg mishandles basic_string_view with custom traits

Note https://mordante.github.io/blog/2021/06/05/format.html gives a bit more information about the goals and non-goals of this initial patch series.

Reviewed By: #libc, ldionne, vitaut

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D103357

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