[Clang] Implement labelled type filtering for overflow/truncation sanitizers w/ SSCLs (#107332)

[Related
RFC](https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-support-globpattern-add-operator-to-invert-matches/80683/5?u=justinstitt)

### Summary

Implement type-based filtering via [Sanitizer Special Case
Lists](https://clang.llvm.org/docs/SanitizerSpecialCaseList.html) for
the arithmetic overflow and truncation sanitizers.

Currently, using the `type:` prefix with these sanitizers does nothing.
I've hooked up the SSCL parsing with Clang codegen so that we don't emit
the overflow/truncation checks if the arithmetic contains an ignored
type.

### Usefulness

You can craft ignorelists that ignore specific types that are expected
to overflow or wrap-around. For example, to ignore `my_type` from
`unsigned-integer-overflow` instrumentation:
```bash
$ cat ignorelist.txt
[unsigned-integer-overflow]
type:my_type=no_sanitize

$ cat foo.c
typedef unsigned long my_type;
void foo() {
  my_type a = ULONG_MAX;
  ++a;
}

$ clang foo.c -fsanitize=unsigned-integer-overflow -fsanitize-ignorelist=ignorelist.txt ; ./a.out
// --> no sanitizer error
```

If a type is functionally intended to overflow, like
[refcount_t](https://kernsec.org/wiki/index.php/Kernel_Protections/refcount_t)
and its associated APIs in the Linux kernel, then this type filtering
would prove useful for reducing sanitizer noise. Currently, the Linux
kernel dealt with this by
[littering](https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.10.8/source/include/linux/refcount.h#L139
) `__attribute__((no_sanitize("signed-integer-overflow")))` annotations
on all the `refcount_t` APIs. I think this serves as an example of how a
codebase could be made cleaner. We could make custom types that are
filtered out in an ignorelist, allowing for types to be more expressive
-- without the need for annotations. This accomplishes a similar goal to
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/86618.


Yet another use case for this type filtering is whitelisting. We could
ignore _all_ types, save a few.

```bash
$ cat ignorelist.txt
[implicit-signed-integer-truncation]
type:*=no_sanitize # ignore literally all types
type:short=sanitize # except `short`

$ cat bar.c
// compile with -fsanitize=implicit-signed-integer-truncation
void bar(int toobig) {
  char a = toobig;  // not instrumented
  short b = toobig; // instrumented
}
```

### Other ways to accomplish the goal of sanitizer
allowlisting/whitelisting
* ignore list SSCL type support (this PR that you're reading)
* [my sanitize-allowlist
branch](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/compare/main...JustinStitt:llvm-project:sanitize-allowlist)
- this just implements a sibling flag `-fsanitize-allowlist=`, removing
some of the double negative logic present with `skip`/`ignore` when
trying to whitelist something.
* [Glob
Negation](https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-support-globpattern-add-operator-to-invert-matches/80683)
- Implement a negation operator to the GlobPattern class so the
ignorelist query can use them to simulate allowlisting


Please let me know which of the three options we like best. They are not
necessarily mutually exclusive.

Here's [another related
PR](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/86618) which implements a
`wraps` attribute. This can accomplish a similar goal to this PR but
requires in-source changes to codebases and also covers a wider variety
of integer definedness problems.

### CCs
@kees @vitalybuka @bwendling

---------

Signed-off-by: Justin Stitt <justinstitt@google.com>

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