path: root/gcc/gcc.hlp

1 GCC

 The GCC command invokes the GNU C compiler.

       GCC file-spec

2 Parameters

 file-spec

 A C source file.  If no input file  extension  is  specified,  GNU  C
 assumes  .C  as  the  default extension unless the /PLUS qualifier is
 given, in which case .CC is assumed as the default extension.

 If an extension of .CPP is given, then the source file is assumed  to
 be  the  output of the preprocessor, and thus the preprocessor is not
 executed.

 If an extension of .S is given, then the source file is assumed to be
 the  assembly  code output of the compiler, and only the assembler is
 called to generate an object file.

2 Qualifiers

 GNU C command qualifiers modify the  way  the  compiler  handles  the
 compilation.

 The following is the list of available qualifiers for GNU C:

       /CASE_HACK
       /CC1_OPTIONS=(option [,option...]])
       /DEBUG
       /DEFINE=(identifier[=definition][,...])
       /G_FLOAT
       /INCLUDE_DIRECTORY=(path [,path...]])
       /LIST[=filename]
       /MACHINE_CODE
       /OBJECT[=filename]
       /OPTIMIZE
       /PLUS
       /PROFILE[=identifier]
       /SCAN=(file[,file...])
       /SHOW[=option]
       /UNDEFINE=(identifier[,identifier,...])
       /VERBOSE
       /VERSION
       /WARNING

2 Linking

 When linking programs compiled with GNU C, you should include the GNU
 C library before the VAX C library.  For example,

   LINK object-file,GNU_CC:[000000]GCCLIB/LIB,SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCRTL/LIB

 You can also link your program with the shared VAX C  library.   This
 can reduce the size of the .EXE file, as well as make it smaller when
 it's running.  For example,

   $ LINK object-file, GNU_CC:[000000]GCCLIB/LIB,SYS$INPUT/OPT
   SYS$SHARE:VAXCRTL/SHARE

 (If you use the second example and type it in by  hand,  be  sure  to
 type ^Z after the last carriage return).  A simpler alternative would
 be to place the single line:

   SYS$SHARE:VAXCRTL/SHARE

 into a file called VAXCRTL.OPT, and then use the link command:

   $ LINK object-file, GNU_CC:[000000]GCCLIB/LIB,VAXCRTL.OPT/OPT

 If a program has  been  compiled  with  /G_FLOAT,  then  the  linking
 instructions  are  slightly  different.   If you are linking with the
 non-shared library, then the command that you should use would be:

   LINK object-file,GNU_CC:[000000]GCCLIB/LIB,SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCRTLG/LIB -
                                ,SYS$LIBRARY:VAXCRTL/LIB

 Note that both VAXCRTL and VAXCRTLG must be linked to.   If  you  are
 using the shared VAX C library, then you should use a command like:

   $ LINK object-file, GNU_CC:[000000]GCCLIB/LIB,SYS$INPUT:/OPTIONS
   SYS$SHARE:VAXCRTLG/SHARE

 In the case of the sharable library, only one  library  needs  to  be
 linked to.

2 /CASE_HACK

   /[NO]CASE_HACK      D=/CASE_HACK

 Since the VMS Linker  and  Librarian  are  not  case  sensitive  with
 respect  to  symbol names, a "case-hack" is appended to a symbol name
 when the symbol contains upper case characters.

 There are cases where this is undesirable, (mainly when using certain
 applications  where modules have been precompiled, perhaps in another
 language) and we want to compile  without  case  hacking.   In  these
 cases the /NOCASE_HACK switch disables case hacking.

2 /CC1_OPTIONS

 This specifies additional  switches  to  the  compiler  itself  which
 cannot be set by means of the compiler driver.

2 /DEBUG

 /DEBUG includes additional information in the object file  output  so
 that the program can be debugged with the VAX Symbolic Debugger.

 To use the debugger it is also necessary to link the debugger to your
 program, which is done by specifying the /DEBUG qualifier to the link
 command.  With the  debugger  it  is  possible  to  set  breakpoints,
 examine  variables,  and  set  variables  to new values.  See the VAX
 Symbolic Debugger manual for more information, or  type  "HELP"  from
 the debugger prompt.

2 /DEFINE

 /DEFINE=(identifier[=definition][,...])

 /DEFINE defines a string or macro ('definition')  to  be  substituted
 for  every  occurrence of a given string ('identifier') in a program.
 It is equivalent to the #define preprocessor directive.

 All definitions and identifiers are  converted  to  uppercase  unless
 they are in quotation marks.

 The simple form of the /DEFINE qualifier:

    /DEFINE=vms

 results in a definition equivalent to the preprocessor directive:

  #define VMS 1

 You must enclose macro definitions in quotation  marks,  as  in  this
 example:

  /DEFINE="C(x)=((x) & 0xff)"

 This definition is the same as the preprocessor definition:

  #define C(x) ((x) & 0xff)

 If more than one /DEFINE is present on the GCC command line, only the
 last /DEFINE is used.

 If both /DEFINE and /UNDEFINE are present on a command line,  /DEFINE
 is evaluated before /UNDEFINE.

2 /G_FLOAT

 Instructs the compiler to use "G" floating point  arithmetic  instead
 of  "D".   The  difference  is  that  double precision has a range of
 approximately +/-0.56e-308 to +/-0.9  e+308,  with  approximately  15
 decimal digits precision.

 "D" floating point has the same range as  single  precision  floating
 point, with approximately 17 decimal digits precision.

 If you use the  /G_FLOAT  qualifier,  the  linking  instructions  are
 different.  See "Linking" for further details.

2 /LIST

 /LIST[=list_file_name]

 This does not generate a listing file in the usual sense, however  it
 does  direct the compiler to save the preprocessor output.  If a file
 is not specified, then this output is written into a  file  with  the
 same name as the source file and an extension of .CPP.

2 /INCLUDE_DIRECTORY

  /INCLUDE_DIRECTORY=(path [,path...])

 The /INCLUDE_DIRECTORY qualifier provides additional  directories  to
 search  for  user-defined  include  files.   'path'  can  be either a
 logical name or a directory specification.

 There  are  two  forms  for  specifying  include  files  -   #include
 "file-spec"  and  #include <file-spec>.  For the #include "file-spec"
 form, the search order is:

  1.  The directory containing the source file.

  2.  The directories in the /INCLUDE qualifier (if any).

  3.  The directory (or directories) specified in the logical name
      GNU_CC_INCLUDE.

  4.  The directory (or directories) specified in the logical name
      SYS$LIBRARY.

  For the #include <file-spec> form, the search order is:

  1.  The directories specified in the /INCLUDE qualifier (if any).

  2.  The directory (or directories) specified in the logical name
      GNU_CC_INCLUDE.

  3.  The directory (or directories) specified in the logical name
      SYS$LIBRARY.

2 /MACHINE_CODE

 Tells GNU C to output the machine code  generated  by  the  compiler.
 The  machine code is output to a file with the same name as the input
 file, with the extension .S.  An  object  file  is  still  generated,
 unless /NOOBJ is also specified.

2 /OBJECT

   /OBJECT[=filename]
   /NOOBJECT

        Controls whether or not an object file  is  generated  by  the
 compiler.

2 /OPTIMIZE

 /[NO]OPTIMIZE

 Controls whether optimization  is  performed  by  the  compiler.   By
 default, optimization is on.  /NOOPTIMIZE turns optimization off.

2 /PLUS

 Instructs the compiler driver to use the GNU-C++ compiler instead  of
 the  GNU-C compiler.  Note that the default extension of source files
 is .CC when this qualifier is in effect.

2 /PROFILE

 /PROFILE[=identifier]

 Instructs the compiler to generate function profiling code.  You must
 link  your  program  to  the profiler when you use this options.  The
 profile statistics are automatically  printed  out  on  the  terminal
 during  image  exit.  (i.e.  no modifications to your source file are
 required in order to use the profiler).

 There are three identifiers  that  can  be  used  with  the  /PROFILE
 switch.   These  are  ALL, FUNCTION, and BLOCK.  If /PROFILE is given
 without an identifier, then FUNCTION is assumed.

3 Block_Profiler

 The block profiler counts how  many  times  control  of  the  program
 passes certain points in your program.  This is useful in determining
 which  portions  of  a  program  would  benefit  from  recoding   for
 optimization.

 The report for the block profiler contains the  function  name,  file
 name, PC, and the source file line number as well as the count of how
 many times control has passed through the specified source line.

3 Function_Profiler

 The function profiler counts how many times each function is entered,
 and keeps track of how much CPU time is used within each function.

 You should be careful about  interpreting  the  results  of  profiles
 where  there  are  inline  functions.  When a function is included as
 inline, then there is no call to the internal data collection routine
 used  by  the  profiler,  and  thus  there  will be no record of this
 function being called.  The compiler does generate a callable version
 of each inline function, and if this called version is used, then the
 profiler's data collection routine will be called.

2 /SCAN

 /SCAN=(file[,file...])

 This qualifier supplies a list of files that will be read  as  input,
 and  the output will be discarded before processing the regular input
 file.  Because the output generated from the files is discarded,  the
 only  effect  of  this qualifier is to make the macros defined in the
 files available for use in the main input.

2 /SHOW

 /SHOW[=option]

 This causes the preprocessor to generate information other  than  the
 preprocessed  input  file.   When this qualifier is used, no assembly
 code and no object file is generated.

 The output of the preprocessor is placed in the file specified by the
 /LIST  qualifier, if present.  If the /LIST qualifier is not present,
 then the output is placed in a file with the same name as  the  input
 file  with  an  extension  that  depends  upon  which  option that is
 selected.

3 DEFINITIONS

 This option causes the preprocessor to dump a  list  of  all  of  the
 definitions  to  the  output  file.   This  is  useful  for debugging
 purposes, since it lets you determine whether or not  everything  has
 been defined properly.

 If the default file name is used for the output, the  extension  will
 be .DEF.

3 RULES

 This option causes the preprocessor to output  a  rule  suitable  for
 MAKE,  describing  the  dependencies  of  the  main source file.  The
 preprocessor outputs one MAKE rule containing the  object  file  name
 for  that  source  file,  a colon, and the names of all the concluded
 files.  If there are many included files then the rule is split  into
 several lines using the '\'-newline.

 When using this option, only files included with the "#include "file"
 directive are mentioned.

 If the default file name is used for the  output,  a  null  extension
 will be used.

3 ALL

 This option is similar to RULES, except that it also  mentions  files
 included with the "#include <file.h>" directive.

 If the default file name is used for the  output,  a  null  extension
 will be used.

2 /UNDEFINE

 /UNDEFINE cancels a macro definition.  Thus, it is the  same  as  the
 #undef preprocessor directive.

 If more than one /UNDEFINE is present on the GCC command  line,  only
 the last /UNDEFINE is used.

 If both /DEFINE and /UNDEFINE are present on a command line,  /DEFINE
 is evaluated before /UNDEFINE.

2 /VERBOSE

 Controls whether the user sees the invocation command strings for the
 preprocessor,  compiler,  and  assembler.   The compiler also outputs
 some statistics on time spent in its various phases.

2 /VERSION

 Causes the preprocessor and the compiler to  identify  themselves  by
 their  version  numbers, and in the case of the compiler, the version
 number of the compiler that built it.

2 /WARNING

 When this qualifier is present, warnings about usage that  should  be
 avoided  are given by the compiler.  For more information, see "Using
 and Porting GNU CC", in the section on command  line  options,  under
 "-Wall".

 Warnings are also generated by the preprocessor when  this  qualifier
 is given.

2 Known_Incompatibilities_with_VAX-C

 There are several known incompatibilities between  GNU-C  and  VAX-C.
 Some  common  ones  will  be  briefly  described  here.   A  complete
 description can be found in "Using and Porting GNU CC" in the chapter
 entitled "Using GNU CC on VMS".

     GNU-C provides case hacking as a means of giving case sensitivity
 to  symbol  names.  The case hack is a hexadecimal number appended to
 the symbol name, with a bit being set for  each  upper  case  letter.
 Symbols with all lower case, or symbols that have a dollar sign ("$")
 are not case hacked.  There  are  times  that  this  is  undesirable,
 namely  when  you  wish  to  link  your program against a precompiled
 library which was compiled with a non-GNU-C compiler.  X-windows  (or
 DECWindows)   is  an  example  of  this.   In  these  instances,  the
 /NOCASE_HACK switch should be used.

 If you require case hacking in some cases, but not  in  others  (i.e.
 Libg++  with  DECWindows),  then it is recommended that you develop a
 header file which will define all mixed case  functions  that  should
 not have a case hack as the lower case equivalents.

     GNU-C does not provide  the  globaldef  and  globalref  mechanism
 which  is  used  by VAX-C to coerce the VMS linker to include certain
 object modules from a library.  There are assembler hacks, which  are
 available  to  the  user  through  the macros defined in gnu_hacks.h,
 which effectively give you the ability to  perform  these  functions.
 While  not  syntactically  identical,  they  do  provide  most of the
 functionality.

 Note that globaldefs of enums is not supported in the way that it  is
 under  VAX-C.  This can be easily simulated, however, by globaldefing
 an integer variable, and then globalvaluing  all  of  the  enumerated
 states.

 Furthermore, the way that globalvalue is currently  implemented,  the
 data type of the globalvalue variable is seen to the compiler to be a
 pointer to the data type that you  specify.   This  is  necessary  in
 order   to  make  the  compiler  correctly  address  the  globalvalue
 variables.