d: Import dmd b8384668f, druntime e6caaab9, phobos 5ab9ad256 (v2.098.0-beta.1)

The D front-end is now itself written in D, in order to build GDC, you
will need a working GDC compiler (GCC version 9.1 or later).

GCC changes:

    - Add support for bootstrapping the D front-end.

These add the required components in order to have a D front-end written
in D itself.  Because the compiler front-end only depends on the core
runtime modules, only libdruntime is built for the bootstrap stages.

D front-end changes:

    - Import dmd v2.098.0-beta.1.

Druntime changes:

    - Import druntime v2.098.0-beta.1.

Phobos changes:

    - Import phobos v2.098.0-beta.1.

The jump from v2.076.1 to v2.098.0 covers nearly 4 years worth of
development on the D programming language and run-time libraries.

ChangeLog:

	* Makefile.def: Add bootstrap to libbacktrace, libphobos, zlib, and
	libatomic.
	* Makefile.in: Regenerate.
	* Makefile.tpl (POSTSTAGE1_HOST_EXPORTS): Fix command for GDC.
	(STAGE1_CONFIGURE_FLAGS): Add --with-libphobos-druntime-only if
	target-libphobos-bootstrap.
	(STAGE2_CONFIGURE_FLAGS): Likewise.
	* configure: Regenerate.
	* configure.ac: Add support for bootstrapping D front-end.

config/ChangeLog:

	* acx.m4 (ACX_PROG_GDC): New m4 function.

gcc/ChangeLog:

	* Makefile.in (GDC): New variable.
	(GDCFLAGS): New variable.
	* configure: Regenerate.
	* configure.ac: Add call to ACX_PROG_GDC.  Substitute GDCFLAGS.

gcc/d/ChangeLog:

	* dmd/MERGE: Merge upstream dmd b8384668f.
	* Make-lang.in (d-warn): Use strict warnings.
	(DMD_WARN_CXXFLAGS): Remove.
	(DMD_COMPILE): Remove.
	(CHECKING_DFLAGS): Define.
	(WARN_DFLAGS): Define.
	(ALL_DFLAGS): Define.
	(DCOMPILE.base): Define.
	(DCOMPILE): Define.
	(DPOSTCOMPILE): Define.
	(DLINKER): Define.
	(DLLINKER): Define.
	(D_FRONTEND_OBJS): Add new dmd front-end objects.
	(D_GENERATED_SRCS): Remove.
	(D_GENERATED_OBJS): Remove.
	(D_ALL_OBJS): Remove D_GENERATED_OBJS.
	(d21$(exeext)): Build using DLLINKER and -static-libphobos.
	(d.tags): Remove dmd/*.c and dmd/root/*.c.
	(d.mostlyclean): Remove D_GENERATED_SRCS, d/idgen$(build_exeext),
	d/impcnvgen$(build_exeext).
	(D_INCLUDES): Include $(srcdir)/d/dmd/res.
	(CFLAGS-d/id.o): Remove.
	(CFLAGS-d/impcnvtab.o): Remove.
	(d/%.o): Build using DCOMPILE and DPOSTCOMPILE.  Update dependencies
	from d/dmd/%.c to d/dmd/%.d.
	(d/idgen$(build_exeext)): Remove.
	(d/impcnvgen$(build_exeext)): Remove.
	(d/id.c): Remove.
	(d/id.h): Remove.
	(d/impcnvtab.c): Remove.
	(d/%.dmdgen.o): Remove.
	(D_SYSTEM_H): Remove.
	(d/idgen.dmdgen.o): Remove.
	(d/impcnvgen.dmdgen.o): Remove.
	* config-lang.in (boot_language): New variable.
	* d-attribs.cc: Include dmd/expression.h.
	* d-builtins.cc: Include d-frontend.h.
	(build_frontend_type): Update for new front-end interface.
	(d_eval_constant_expression): Likewise.
	(d_build_builtins_module): Likewise.
	(maybe_set_builtin_1): Likewise.
	(d_build_d_type_nodes): Likewise.
	* d-codegen.cc (d_decl_context): Likewise.
	(declaration_reference_p): Likewise.
	(declaration_type): Likewise.
	(parameter_reference_p): Likewise.
	(parameter_type): Likewise.
	(get_array_length): Likewise.
	(build_delegate_cst): Likewise.
	(build_typeof_null_value): Likewise.
	(identity_compare_p): Likewise.
	(lower_struct_comparison): Likewise.
	(build_filename_from_loc): Likewise.
	(build_assert_call): Remove LIBCALL_SWITCH_ERROR.
	(build_bounds_index_condition): Call LIBCALL_ARRAYBOUNDS_INDEXP on
	bounds error.
	(build_bounds_slice_condition): Call LIBCALL_ARRAYBOUNDS_SLICEP on
	bounds error.
	(array_bounds_check): Update for new front-end interface.
	(checkaction_trap_p): Handle CHECKACTION_context.
	(get_function_type): Update for new front-end interface.
	(d_build_call): Likewise.
	* d-compiler.cc: Remove include of dmd/scope.h.
	(Compiler::genCmain): Remove.
	(Compiler::paintAsType): Update for new front-end interface.
	(Compiler::onParseModule): Likewise.
	* d-convert.cc (convert_expr): Remove call to LIBCALL_ARRAYCAST.
	(convert_for_rvalue): Update for new front-end interface.
	(convert_for_assignment): Likewise.
	(convert_for_condition): Likewise.
	(d_array_convert): Likewise.
	* d-diagnostic.cc (error): Remove.
	(errorSupplemental): Remove.
	(warning): Remove.
	(warningSupplemental): Remove.
	(deprecation): Remove.
	(deprecationSupplemental): Remove.
	(message): Remove.
	(vtip): New.
	* d-frontend.cc (global): Remove.
	(Global::_init): Remove.
	(Global::startGagging): Remove.
	(Global::endGagging): Remove.
	(Global::increaseErrorCount): Remove.
	(Loc::Loc): Remove.
	(Loc::toChars): Remove.
	(Loc::equals): Remove.
	(isBuiltin): Update for new front-end interface.
	(eval_builtin): Likewise.
	(getTypeInfoType): Likewise.
	(inlineCopy): Remove.
	* d-incpath.cc: Include d-frontend.h.
	(add_globalpaths): Call d_gc_malloc to allocate Strings.
	(add_filepaths): Likewise.
	* d-lang.cc: Include dmd/id.h, dmd/root/file.h, d-frontend.h.  Remove
	include of dmd/mars.h, id.h.
	(entrypoint_module): Remove.
	(entrypoint_root_module): Remove.
	(deps_write_string): Update for new front-end interface.
	(deps_write): Likewise.
	(d_init_options): Call rt_init.  Remove setting global params that are
	default initialized by the front-end.
	(d_handle_option): Handle OPT_fcheckaction_, OPT_fdump_c___spec_,
	OPT_fdump_c___spec_verbose, OPT_fextern_std_, OPT_fpreview,
	OPT_revert, OPT_fsave_mixins_, and OPT_ftransition.
	(d_post_options): Propagate dip1021 and dip1000 preview flags to
	dip25, and flag_diagnostics_show_caret to printErrorContext.
	(d_add_entrypoint_module): Remove.
	(d_parse_file): Update for new front-end interface.
	(d_type_promotes_to): Likewise.
	(d_types_compatible_p): Likewise.
	* d-longdouble.cc (CTFloat::zero): Remove.
	(CTFloat::one): Remove.
	(CTFloat::minusone): Remove.
	(CTFloat::half): Remove.
	* d-system.h (POSIX): Remove.
	(realpath): Remove.
	(isalpha): Remove.
	(isalnum): Remove.
	(isdigit): Remove.
	(islower): Remove.
	(isprint): Remove.
	(isspace): Remove.
	(isupper): Remove.
	(isxdigit): Remove.
	(tolower): Remove.
	(_mkdir): Remove.
	(INT32_MAX): Remove.
	(INT32_MIN): Remove.
	(INT64_MIN): Remove.
	(UINT32_MAX): Remove.
	(UINT64_MAX): Remove.
	* d-target.cc: Include calls.h.
	(target): Remove.
	(define_float_constants): Remove initialization of snan.
	(Target::_init): Update for new front-end interface.
	(Target::isVectorTypeSupported): Likewise.
	(Target::isVectorOpSupported): Remove cases for unordered operators.
	(TargetCPP::typeMangle): Update for new front-end interface.
	(TargetCPP::parameterType): Likewise.
	(Target::systemLinkage): Likewise.
	(Target::isReturnOnStack): Likewise.
	(Target::isCalleeDestroyingArgs): Define.
	(Target::preferPassByRef): Define.
	* d-tree.h (d_add_entrypoint_module): Remove.
	* decl.cc (gcc_attribute_p): Update for new front-end interface.
	(apply_pragma_crt): Define.
	(DeclVisitor::visit(PragmaDeclaration *)): Handle pragmas
	crt_constructor and crt_destructor.
	(DeclVisitor::visit(TemplateDeclaration *)): Update for new front-end
	interface.
	(DeclVisitor::visit): Likewise.
	(DeclVisitor::finish_vtable): Likewise.
	(get_symbol_decl): Error if template has more than one nesting
	context.  Update for new front-end interface.
	(make_thunk): Update for new front-end interface.
	(get_vtable_decl): Likewise.
	* expr.cc (ExprVisitor::visit): Likewise.
	(build_return_dtor): Likewise.
	* imports.cc (ImportVisitor::visit): Likewise.
	* intrinsics.cc: Include dmd/expression.h.  Remove include of
	dmd/mangle.h.
	(maybe_set_intrinsic): Update for new front-end interface.
	* intrinsics.def (INTRINSIC_ROL): Update intrinsic signature.
	(INTRINSIC_ROR): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_ROR_TIARG): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_TOPREC): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_TOPRECL): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_TAN): Update intrinsic module and signature.
	(INTRINSIC_ISNAN): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_ISFINITE): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_COPYSIGN): Define intrinsic.
	(INTRINSIC_COPYSIGNI): Define intrinsic.
	(INTRINSIC_EXP): Update intrinsic module.
	(INTRINSIC_EXPM1): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_EXP2): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_LOG): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_LOG2): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_LOG10): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_POW): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_ROUND): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_FLOORF): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_FLOOR): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_FLOORL): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_CEILF): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_CEIL): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_CEILL): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_TRUNC): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_FMIN): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_FMAX): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_FMA): Likewise.
	(INTRINSIC_VA_ARG): Update intrinsic signature.
	(INTRINSIC_VASTART): Likewise.
	* lang.opt (fcheck=): Add alternate aliases for contract switches.
	(fcheckaction=): New option.
	(check_action): New Enum and EnumValue entries.
	(fdump-c++-spec-verbose): New option.
	(fdump-c++-spec=): New option.
	(fextern-std=): New option.
	(extern_stdcpp): New Enum and EnumValue entries
	(fpreview=): New options.
	(frevert=): New options.
	(fsave-mixins): New option.
	(ftransition=): Update options.
	* modules.cc (get_internal_fn): Replace Prot with Visibility.
	(build_internal_fn): Likewise.
	(build_dso_cdtor_fn): Likewise.
	(build_module_tree): Remove check for __entrypoint module.
	* runtime.def (P5): Define.
	(ARRAYBOUNDS_SLICEP): Define.
	(ARRAYBOUNDS_INDEXP): Define.
	(NEWTHROW): Define.
	(ADCMP2): Remove.
	(ARRAYCAST): Remove.
	(SWITCH_STRING): Remove.
	(SWITCH_USTRING): Remove.
	(SWITCH_DSTRING): Remove.
	(SWITCH_ERROR): Remove.
	* toir.cc (IRVisitor::visit): Update for new front-end interface.
	(IRVisitor::check_previous_goto): Remove checks for case and default
	statements.
	(IRVisitor::visit(SwitchStatement *)): Remove handling of string
	switch conditions.
	* typeinfo.cc: Include d-frontend.h.
	(get_typeinfo_kind): Update for new front-end interface.
	(make_frontend_typeinfo): Likewise.
	(TypeInfoVisitor::visit): Likewise.
	(builtin_typeinfo_p): Likewise.
	(get_typeinfo_decl): Likewise.
	(build_typeinfo): Likewise.
	* types.cc (valist_array_p): Likewise.
	(make_array_type): Likewise.
	(merge_aggregate_types): Likewise.
	(TypeVisitor::visit(TypeBasic *)): Likewise.
	(TypeVisitor::visit(TypeFunction *)): Likewise.
	(TypeVisitor::visit(TypeStruct *)): Update comment.
	* verstr.h: Removed.
	* d-frontend.h: New file.

gcc/po/ChangeLog:

	* EXCLUDES: Remove d/dmd sources from list.

gcc/testsuite/ChangeLog:

	* gdc.dg/Wcastresult2.d: Update test.
	* gdc.dg/asm1.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/asm2.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/asm3.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/gdc282.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/imports/gdc170.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/intrinsics.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/pr101672.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/pr90650a.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/pr90650b.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/pr94777a.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/pr95250.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/pr96869.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/pr98277.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/pr98457.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd1.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2a.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2b.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2c.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2d.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2e.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2f.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2g.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2h.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2i.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd2j.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/simd7951.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/torture/gdc309.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/torture/pr94424.d: Likewise.
	* gdc.dg/torture/pr94777b.d: Likewise.
	* lib/gdc-utils.exp (gdc-convert-args): Handle new compiler options.
	(gdc-convert-test): Handle CXXFLAGS, EXTRA_OBJC_SOURCES, and ARG_SETS
	test directives.
	(gdc-do-test): Only import modules in the test run directory.
	* gdc.dg/pr94777c.d: New test.
	* gdc.dg/pr96156b.d: New test.
	* gdc.dg/pr96157c.d: New test.
	* gdc.dg/simd_ctfe.d: New test.
	* gdc.dg/torture/simd17344.d: New test.
	* gdc.dg/torture/simd20052.d: New test.
	* gdc.dg/torture/simd6.d: New test.
	* gdc.dg/torture/simd7.d: New test.

libphobos/ChangeLog:

	* libdruntime/MERGE: Merge upstream druntime e6caaab9.
	* libdruntime/Makefile.am (D_EXTRA_FLAGS): Build libdruntime with
	-fpreview=dip1000, -fpreview=fieldwise, and -fpreview=dtorfields.
	(ALL_DRUNTIME_SOURCES): Add DRUNTIME_DSOURCES_STDCXX.
	(DRUNTIME_DSOURCES): Update list of C binding modules.
	(DRUNTIME_DSOURCES_STDCXX): Likewise.
	(DRUNTIME_DSOURCES_LINUX): Likewise.
	(DRUNTIME_DSOURCES_OPENBSD): Likewise.
	(DRUNTIME_DISOURCES): Remove __entrypoint.di.
	* libdruntime/Makefile.in: Regenerated.
	* libdruntime/__entrypoint.di: Removed.
	* libdruntime/gcc/deh.d (_d_isbaseof): Update signature.
	(_d_createTrace): Likewise.
	(__gdc_begin_catch): Remove reference to the exception.
	(_d_throw): Increment reference count of thrown object before unwind.
	(__gdc_personality): Chain exceptions with  Throwable.chainTogether.
	* libdruntime/gcc/emutls.d: Update imports.
	* libdruntime/gcc/sections/elf.d: Update imports.
	(DSO.moduleGroup): Update signature.
	* libdruntime/gcc/sections/macho.d: Update imports.
	(DSO.moduleGroup): Update signature.
	* libdruntime/gcc/sections/pecoff.d: Update imports.
	(DSO.moduleGroup): Update signature.
	* src/MERGE: Merge upstream phobos 5ab9ad256.
	* src/Makefile.am (D_EXTRA_DFLAGS): Add -fpreview=dip1000 and
	-fpreview=dtorfields flags.
	(PHOBOS_DSOURCES): Update list of std modules.
	* src/Makefile.in: Regenerate.
	* testsuite/lib/libphobos.exp (libphobos-dg-test): Handle assembly
	compile types.
	(dg-test): Override.
	(additional_prunes): Define.
	(libphobos-dg-prune): Filter any additional_prunes set by tests.
	* testsuite/libphobos.aa/test_aa.d: Update test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.druntime/druntime.exp (version_flags): Add
	-fversion=CoreUnittest.
	* testsuite/libphobos.druntime_shared/druntime_shared.exp
	(version_flags): Add -fversion=CoreUnittest -fversion=Shared.
	* testsuite/libphobos.exceptions/unknown_gc.d: Update test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.hash/test_hash.d: Update test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.phobos/phobos.exp (version_flags): Add
	-fversion=StdUnittest
	* testsuite/libphobos.phobos_shared/phobos_shared.exp (version_flags):
	Likewise.
	* testsuite/libphobos.shared/host.c: Update test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.shared/load.d: Update test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.shared/load_13414.d: Update test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.thread/fiber_guard_page.d: Update test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.thread/tlsgc_sections.d: Update test.
	* testsuite/testsuite_flags.in: Add -fpreview=dip1000 to --gdcflags.
	* testsuite/libphobos.shared/link_mod_collision.d: Removed.
	* testsuite/libphobos.shared/load_mod_collision.d: Removed.
	* testsuite/libphobos.betterc/betterc.exp: New test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.config/config.exp: New test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.gc/gc.exp: New test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.imports/imports.exp: New test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.lifetime/lifetime.exp: New test.
	* testsuite/libphobos.unittest/unittest.exp: New test.

1 files changed, 332 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/gcc/d/dmd/init.d b/gcc/d/dmd/init.d
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45e101b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gcc/d/dmd/init.d
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+/**
+ * Defines initializers of variables, e.g. the array literal in `int[3] x = [0, 1, 2]`.
+ *
+ * Copyright:   Copyright (C) 1999-2021 by The D Language Foundation, All Rights Reserved
+ * Authors:     $(LINK2 http://www.digitalmars.com, Walter Bright)
+ * License:     $(LINK2 http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0)
+ * Source:      $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/src/dmd/init.d, _init.d)
+ * Documentation:  https://dlang.org/phobos/dmd_init.html
+ * Coverage:    https://codecov.io/gh/dlang/dmd/src/master/src/dmd/init.d
+ */
+
+module dmd.init;
+
+import core.stdc.stdio;
+import core.checkedint;
+
+import dmd.arraytypes;
+import dmd.astenums;
+import dmd.ast_node;
+import dmd.dsymbol;
+import dmd.expression;
+import dmd.globals;
+import dmd.hdrgen;
+import dmd.identifier;
+import dmd.mtype;
+import dmd.root.outbuffer;
+import dmd.root.rootobject;
+import dmd.tokens;
+import dmd.visitor;
+
+enum NeedInterpret : int
+{
+    INITnointerpret,
+    INITinterpret,
+}
+
+alias INITnointerpret = NeedInterpret.INITnointerpret;
+alias INITinterpret = NeedInterpret.INITinterpret;
+
+/***********************************************************
+ */
+extern (C++) class Initializer : ASTNode
+{
+    Loc loc;
+    InitKind kind;
+
+    override DYNCAST dyncast() const nothrow pure
+    {
+        return DYNCAST.initializer;
+    }
+
+
+    extern (D) this(const ref Loc loc, InitKind kind)
+    {
+        this.loc = loc;
+        this.kind = kind;
+    }
+
+    override final const(char)* toChars() const
+    {
+        OutBuffer buf;
+        HdrGenState hgs;
+        .toCBuffer(this, &buf, &hgs);
+        return buf.extractChars();
+    }
+
+    final inout(ErrorInitializer) isErrorInitializer() inout @nogc nothrow pure
+    {
+        // Use void* cast to skip dynamic casting call
+        return kind == InitKind.error ? cast(inout ErrorInitializer)cast(void*)this : null;
+    }
+
+    final inout(VoidInitializer) isVoidInitializer() inout @nogc nothrow pure
+    {
+        return kind == InitKind.void_ ? cast(inout VoidInitializer)cast(void*)this : null;
+    }
+
+    final inout(StructInitializer) isStructInitializer() inout @nogc nothrow pure
+    {
+        return kind == InitKind.struct_ ? cast(inout StructInitializer)cast(void*)this : null;
+    }
+
+    final inout(ArrayInitializer) isArrayInitializer() inout @nogc nothrow pure
+    {
+        return kind == InitKind.array ? cast(inout ArrayInitializer)cast(void*)this : null;
+    }
+
+    final inout(ExpInitializer) isExpInitializer() inout @nogc nothrow pure
+    {
+        return kind == InitKind.exp ? cast(inout ExpInitializer)cast(void*)this : null;
+    }
+
+    final inout(CInitializer) isCInitializer() inout @nogc nothrow pure
+    {
+        return kind == InitKind.C_ ? cast(inout CInitializer)cast(void*)this : null;
+    }
+
+    override void accept(Visitor v)
+    {
+        v.visit(this);
+    }
+}
+
+/***********************************************************
+ */
+extern (C++) final class VoidInitializer : Initializer
+{
+    Type type;      // type that this will initialize to
+
+    extern (D) this(const ref Loc loc)
+    {
+        super(loc, InitKind.void_);
+    }
+
+    override void accept(Visitor v)
+    {
+        v.visit(this);
+    }
+}
+
+/***********************************************************
+ */
+extern (C++) final class ErrorInitializer : Initializer
+{
+    extern (D) this()
+    {
+        super(Loc.initial, InitKind.error);
+    }
+
+    override void accept(Visitor v)
+    {
+        v.visit(this);
+    }
+}
+
+/***********************************************************
+ */
+extern (C++) final class StructInitializer : Initializer
+{
+    Identifiers field;      // of Identifier *'s
+    Initializers value;     // parallel array of Initializer *'s
+
+    extern (D) this(const ref Loc loc)
+    {
+        super(loc, InitKind.struct_);
+    }
+
+    extern (D) void addInit(Identifier field, Initializer value)
+    {
+        //printf("StructInitializer::addInit(field = %p, value = %p)\n", field, value);
+        this.field.push(field);
+        this.value.push(value);
+    }
+
+    override void accept(Visitor v)
+    {
+        v.visit(this);
+    }
+}
+
+/***********************************************************
+ */
+extern (C++) final class ArrayInitializer : Initializer
+{
+    Expressions index;      // indices
+    Initializers value;     // of Initializer *'s
+    uint dim;               // length of array being initialized
+    Type type;              // type that array will be used to initialize
+    bool sem;               // true if semantic() is run
+
+    extern (D) this(const ref Loc loc)
+    {
+        super(loc, InitKind.array);
+    }
+
+    extern (D) void addInit(Expression index, Initializer value)
+    {
+        this.index.push(index);
+        this.value.push(value);
+        dim = 0;
+        type = null;
+    }
+
+    bool isAssociativeArray() const pure
+    {
+        foreach (idx; index)
+        {
+            if (idx)
+                return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    override void accept(Visitor v)
+    {
+        v.visit(this);
+    }
+}
+
+/***********************************************************
+ */
+extern (C++) final class ExpInitializer : Initializer
+{
+    bool expandTuples;
+    Expression exp;
+
+    extern (D) this(const ref Loc loc, Expression exp)
+    {
+        super(loc, InitKind.exp);
+        this.exp = exp;
+    }
+
+    override void accept(Visitor v)
+    {
+        v.visit(this);
+    }
+}
+
+/*********************************************
+ * Holds the `designator` for C initializers
+ */
+struct Designator
+{
+    Expression exp;     /// [ constant-expression ]
+    Identifier ident;   /// . identifier
+
+    this(Expression exp) { this.exp = exp; }
+    this(Identifier ident) { this.ident = ident; }
+}
+
+/*********************************************
+ * Holds the `designation (opt) initializer` for C initializers
+ */
+struct DesigInit
+{
+    Designators* designatorList; /// designation (opt)
+    Initializer initializer;     /// initializer
+}
+
+/********************************
+ * C11 6.7.9 Initialization
+ * Represents the C initializer-list
+ */
+extern (C++) final class CInitializer : Initializer
+{
+    DesigInits initializerList; /// initializer-list
+    Type type;              /// type that array will be used to initialize
+    bool sem;               /// true if semantic() is run
+
+    extern (D) this(const ref Loc loc)
+    {
+        super(loc, InitKind.C_);
+    }
+
+    override void accept(Visitor v)
+    {
+        v.visit(this);
+    }
+}
+
+/****************************************
+ * Copy the AST for Initializer.
+ * Params:
+ *      inx = Initializer AST to copy
+ * Returns:
+ *      the copy
+ */
+Initializer syntaxCopy(Initializer inx)
+{
+    static Initializer copyStruct(StructInitializer vi)
+    {
+        auto si = new StructInitializer(vi.loc);
+        assert(vi.field.dim == vi.value.dim);
+        si.field.setDim(vi.field.dim);
+        si.value.setDim(vi.value.dim);
+        foreach (const i; 0 .. vi.field.dim)
+        {
+            si.field[i] = vi.field[i];
+            si.value[i] = vi.value[i].syntaxCopy();
+        }
+        return si;
+    }
+
+    static Initializer copyArray(ArrayInitializer vi)
+    {
+        auto ai = new ArrayInitializer(vi.loc);
+        assert(vi.index.dim == vi.value.dim);
+        ai.index.setDim(vi.index.dim);
+        ai.value.setDim(vi.value.dim);
+        foreach (const i; 0 .. vi.value.dim)
+        {
+            ai.index[i] = vi.index[i] ? vi.index[i].syntaxCopy() : null;
+            ai.value[i] = vi.value[i].syntaxCopy();
+        }
+        return ai;
+    }
+
+    static Initializer copyC(CInitializer vi)
+    {
+        auto ci = new CInitializer(vi.loc);
+        ci.initializerList.setDim(vi.initializerList.length);
+        foreach (const i; 0 .. vi.initializerList.length)
+        {
+            DesigInit* cdi = &ci.initializerList[i];
+            DesigInit* vdi = &ci.initializerList[i];
+            cdi.initializer = vdi.initializer.syntaxCopy();
+            if (vdi.designatorList)
+            {
+                cdi.designatorList = new Designators();
+                cdi.designatorList.setDim(vdi.designatorList.length);
+                foreach (const j; 0 .. vdi.designatorList.length)
+                {
+                    Designator* cdid = &(*cdi.designatorList)[j];
+                    Designator* vdid = &(*vdi.designatorList)[j];
+                    cdid.exp = vdid.exp ? vdid.exp.syntaxCopy() : null;
+                    cdid.ident = vdid.ident;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return ci;
+    }
+
+    final switch (inx.kind)
+    {
+        case InitKind.void_:   return new VoidInitializer(inx.loc);
+        case InitKind.error:   return inx;
+        case InitKind.struct_: return copyStruct(cast(StructInitializer)inx);
+        case InitKind.array:   return copyArray(cast(ArrayInitializer)inx);
+        case InitKind.exp:     return new ExpInitializer(inx.loc, (cast(ExpInitializer)inx).exp.syntaxCopy());
+        case InitKind.C_:      return copyC(cast(CInitializer)inx);
+    }
+}