diagnostics: add SARIF output format

This patch adds support to gcc's diagnostic subsystem for emitting
diagnostics in SARIF, aka the Static Analysis Results Interchange Format:
  https://sarifweb.azurewebsites.net/
by extending -fdiagnostics-format= to add two new options:
  -fdiagnostics-format=sarif-stderr
and:
  -fdiagnostics-format=sarif-file

The patch targets SARIF v2.1.0

This is a JSON-based format suited for capturing the results of static
analysis tools (like GCC's -fanalyzer), but it can also be used for plain
GCC warnings and errors.

SARIF supports per-event metadata in diagnostic paths such as
["acquire", "resource"] and ["release", "lock"] (specifically, the
threadFlowLocation "kinds" property: SARIF v2.1.0 section 3.38.8), so
the patch extends GCC"s diagnostic_event subclass with a "struct meaning"
with similar purpose.  The patch implements this for -fanalyzer so that
the various state-machine-based warnings set these in the SARIF output.

The heart of the implementation is in the new file
diagnostic-format-sarif.cc.  Much of the rest of the patch is interface
classes, isolating the diagnostic subsystem (which has no knowledge of
e.g. tree or langhook) from the "client" code in the compiler proper
cc1 etc).

The patch adds a langhook for specifying the SARIF v2.1.0
"artifact.sourceLanguage" property, based on the list in
SARIF v2.1.0 Appendix J.

The patch adds automated DejaGnu tests to our testsuite via new
scan-sarif-file and scan-sarif-file-not directives (although these
merely use regexps, rather than attempting to use a proper JSON parser).

I've tested the patch by hand using the validator at:
  https://sarifweb.azurewebsites.net/Validation
and the react-based viewer at:
  https://microsoft.github.io/sarif-web-component/
which successfully shows most of the information (although not paths,
and not CWE IDs), and I've fixed all validation errors I've seen (though
bugs no doubt remain).

I've also tested the generated SARIF using the VS Code extension linked
to from the SARIF website; I'm a novice with VS Code, but it seems to be
able to handle my generated SARIF files (e.g. showing the data in the
SARIF tab, and showing squiggly underlines under issues, and when I
click on them, it visualizes the events in the path inline within the
source window).

Has anyone written an Emacs mode for SARIF files? (pretty please)

gcc/ChangeLog:
	* Makefile.in (OBJS): Add tree-diagnostic-client-data-hooks.o and
	tree-logical-location.o.
	(OBJS-libcommon): Add diagnostic-format-sarif.o; reorder.
	(CFLAGS-tree-diagnostic-client-data-hooks.o): Add TARGET_NAME.
	* common.opt (fdiagnostics-format=): Add sarif-stderr and sarif-file.
	(sarif-stderr, sarif-file): New enum values.
	* diagnostic-client-data-hooks.h: New file.
	* diagnostic-format-sarif.cc: New file.
	* diagnostic-path.h (enum diagnostic_event::verb): New enum.
	(enum diagnostic_event::noun): New enum.
	(enum diagnostic_event::property): New enum.
	(struct diagnostic_event::meaning): New struct.
	(diagnostic_event::get_logical_location): New vfunc.
	(diagnostic_event::get_meaning): New vfunc.
	(simple_diagnostic_event::get_logical_location): New vfunc impl.
	(simple_diagnostic_event::get_meaning): New vfunc impl.
	* diagnostic.cc: Include "diagnostic-client-data-hooks.h".
	(diagnostic_initialize): Initialize m_client_data_hooks.
	(diagnostic_finish): Clean up m_client_data_hooks.
	(diagnostic_event::meaning::dump_to_pp): New.
	(diagnostic_event::meaning::maybe_get_verb_str): New.
	(diagnostic_event::meaning::maybe_get_noun_str): New.
	(diagnostic_event::meaning::maybe_get_property_str): New.
	(get_cwe_url): Make non-static.
	(diagnostic_output_format_init): Handle
	DIAGNOSTICS_OUTPUT_FORMAT_SARIF_STDERR and
	DIAGNOSTICS_OUTPUT_FORMAT_SARIF_FILE.
	* diagnostic.h (enum diagnostics_output_format): Add
	DIAGNOSTICS_OUTPUT_FORMAT_SARIF_STDERR and
	DIAGNOSTICS_OUTPUT_FORMAT_SARIF_FILE.
	(class diagnostic_client_data_hooks): New forward decl.
	(class logical_location): New forward decl.
	(diagnostic_context::m_client_data_hooks): New field.
	(diagnostic_output_format_init_sarif_stderr): New decl.
	(diagnostic_output_format_init_sarif_file): New decl.
	(get_cwe_url): New decl.
	* doc/invoke.texi (-fdiagnostics-format=): Add sarif-stderr and
	sarif-file.
	* doc/sourcebuild.texi (Scan a particular file): Add
	scan-sarif-file and scan-sarif-file-not.
	* langhooks-def.h (lhd_get_sarif_source_language): New decl.
	(LANG_HOOKS_GET_SARIF_SOURCE_LANGUAGE): New macro.
	(LANG_HOOKS_INITIALIZER): Add
	LANG_HOOKS_GET_SARIF_SOURCE_LANGUAGE.
	* langhooks.cc (lhd_get_sarif_source_language): New.
	* langhooks.h (lang_hooks::get_sarif_source_language): New field.
	* logical-location.h: New file.
	* plugin.cc (struct for_each_plugin_closure): New.
	(for_each_plugin_cb): New.
	(for_each_plugin): New.
	* plugin.h (for_each_plugin): New decl.
	* tree-diagnostic-client-data-hooks.cc: New file.
	* tree-diagnostic.cc: Include "diagnostic-client-data-hooks.h".
	(tree_diagnostics_defaults): Populate m_client_data_hooks.
	* tree-logical-location.cc: New file.
	* tree-logical-location.h: New file.

gcc/ada/ChangeLog:
	* gcc-interface/misc.cc (gnat_get_sarif_source_language): New.
	(LANG_HOOKS_GET_SARIF_SOURCE_LANGUAGE): Redefine.

gcc/analyzer/ChangeLog:
	* checker-path.cc (checker_event::get_meaning): New.
	(function_entry_event::get_meaning): New.
	(state_change_event::get_desc): Add dump of meaning of the event
	to the -fanalyzer-verbose-state-changes output.
	(state_change_event::get_meaning): New.
	(cfg_edge_event::get_meaning): New.
	(call_event::get_meaning): New.
	(return_event::get_meaning): New.
	(start_consolidated_cfg_edges_event::get_meaning): New.
	(warning_event::get_meaning): New.
	* checker-path.h: Include "tree-logical-location.h".
	(checker_event::checker_event): Construct m_logical_loc.
	(checker_event::get_logical_location): New.
	(checker_event::get_meaning): New decl.
	(checker_event::m_logical_loc): New.
	(function_entry_event::get_meaning): New decl.
	(state_change_event::get_meaning): New decl.
	(cfg_edge_event::get_meaning): New decl.
	(call_event::get_meaning): New decl.
	(return_event::get_meaning): New decl.
	(start_consolidated_cfg_edges_event::get_meaning): New.
	(warning_event::get_meaning): New decl.
	* pending-diagnostic.h: Include "diagnostic-path.h".
	(pending_diagnostic::get_meaning_for_state_change): New vfunc.
	* sm-file.cc (file_diagnostic::get_meaning_for_state_change): New
	vfunc impl.
	* sm-malloc.cc (malloc_diagnostic::get_meaning_for_state_change):
	Likewise.
	* sm-sensitive.cc
	(exposure_through_output_file::get_meaning_for_state_change):
	Likewise.
	* sm-taint.cc (taint_diagnostic::get_meaning_for_state_change):
	Likewise.
	* varargs.cc
	(va_list_sm_diagnostic::get_meaning_for_state_change): Likewise.

gcc/c/ChangeLog:
	* c-lang.cc (LANG_HOOKS_GET_SARIF_SOURCE_LANGUAGE): Redefine.
	(c_get_sarif_source_language): New.
	* c-tree.h (c_get_sarif_source_language): New decl.

gcc/cp/ChangeLog:
	* cp-lang.cc (LANG_HOOKS_GET_SARIF_SOURCE_LANGUAGE): Redefine.
	(cp_get_sarif_source_language): New.

gcc/d/ChangeLog:
	* d-lang.cc (d_get_sarif_source_language): New.
	(LANG_HOOKS_GET_SARIF_SOURCE_LANGUAGE): Redefine.

gcc/fortran/ChangeLog:
	* f95-lang.cc (gfc_get_sarif_source_language): New.
	(LANG_HOOKS_GET_SARIF_SOURCE_LANGUAGE): Redefine.

gcc/go/ChangeLog:
	* go-lang.cc (go_get_sarif_source_language): New.
	(LANG_HOOKS_GET_SARIF_SOURCE_LANGUAGE): Redefine.

gcc/objc/ChangeLog:
	* objc-act.h (objc_get_sarif_source_language): New decl.
	* objc-lang.cc (LANG_HOOKS_GET_SARIF_SOURCE_LANGUAGE): Redefine.
	(objc_get_sarif_source_language): New.

gcc/testsuite/ChangeLog:
	* c-c++-common/diagnostic-format-sarif-file-1.c: New test.
	* c-c++-common/diagnostic-format-sarif-file-2.c: New test.
	* c-c++-common/diagnostic-format-sarif-file-3.c: New test.
	* c-c++-common/diagnostic-format-sarif-file-4.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/analyzer/file-meaning-1.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/analyzer/malloc-meaning-1.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/analyzer/malloc-sarif-1.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/plugin/analyzer_gil_plugin.c
	(gil_diagnostic::get_meaning_for_state_change): New vfunc impl.
	* gcc.dg/plugin/diagnostic-test-paths-5.c: New test.
	* gcc.dg/plugin/plugin.exp (plugin_test_list): Add
	diagnostic-test-paths-5.c to tests for
	diagnostic_plugin_test_paths.c.
	* lib/gcc-dg.exp: Load scansarif.exp.
	* lib/scansarif.exp: New test.

libatomic/ChangeLog:
	* testsuite/lib/libatomic.exp: Add load_gcc_lib of scansarif.exp.

libgomp/ChangeLog:
	* testsuite/lib/libgomp.exp: Add load_gcc_lib of scansarif.exp.

libitm/ChangeLog:
	* testsuite/lib/libitm.exp: Add load_gcc_lib of scansarif.exp.

libphobos/ChangeLog:
	* testsuite/lib/libphobos-dg.exp: Add load_gcc_lib of scansarif.exp.

Signed-off-by: David Malcolm <dmalcolm@redhat.com>

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