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-.\" ======================================================================
-.\"
-.IX Title "GPROF 1"
-.TH GPROF 1 "binutils-2.11.90" "2001-06-12" "GNU"
-.UC
-.SH "NAME"
-gprof \- display call graph profile data
-.SH "SYNOPSIS"
-.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
-gprof [ \-[abcDhilLsTvwxyz] ] [ \-[ACeEfFJnNOpPqQZ][\fIname\fR] ]
- [ \-I \fIdirs\fR ] [ \-d[\fInum\fR] ] [ \-k \fIfrom/to\fR ]
- [ \-m \fImin-count\fR ] [ \-t \fItable-length\fR ]
- [ \-\-[no-]annotated-source[=\fIname\fR] ]
- [ \-\-[no-]exec-counts[=\fIname\fR] ]
- [ \-\-[no-]flat-profile[=\fIname\fR] ] [ \-\-[no-]graph[=\fIname\fR] ]
- [ \-\-[no-]time=\fIname\fR] [ \-\-all-lines ] [ \-\-brief ]
- [ \-\-debug[=\fIlevel\fR] ] [ \-\-function-ordering ]
- [ \-\-file-ordering ] [ \-\-directory-path=\fIdirs\fR ]
- [ \-\-display-unused-functions ] [ \-\-file-format=\fIname\fR ]
- [ \-\-file-info ] [ \-\-help ] [ \-\-line ] [ \-\-min-count=\fIn\fR ]
- [ \-\-no-static ] [ \-\-print-path ] [ \-\-separate-files ]
- [ \-\-static-call-graph ] [ \-\-sum ] [ \-\-table-length=\fIlen\fR ]
- [ \-\-traditional ] [ \-\-version ] [ \-\-width=\fIn\fR ]
- [ \-\-ignore-non-functions ] [ \-\-demangle[=\fI\s-1STYLE\s0\fR] ]
- [ \-\-no-demangle ] [ \fIimage-file\fR ] [ \fIprofile-file\fR ... ]
-.SH "DESCRIPTION"
-.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
-\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77
-programs. The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile
-of each caller. The profile data is taken from the call graph profile file
-(\fIgmon.out\fR default) which is created by programs
-that are compiled with the \fB\-pg\fR option of
-\&\f(CW\*(C`cc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pc\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`f77\*(C'\fR.
-The \fB\-pg\fR option also links in versions of the library routines
-that are compiled for profiling. \f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR reads the given object
-file (the default is \f(CW\*(C`a.out\*(C'\fR) and establishes the relation between
-its symbol table and the call graph profile from \fIgmon.out\fR.
-If more than one profile file is specified, the \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR
-output shows the sum of the profile information in the given profile files.
-.PP
-\&\f(CW\*(C`Gprof\*(C'\fR calculates the amount of time spent in each routine.
-Next, these times are propagated along the edges of the call graph.
-Cycles are discovered, and calls into a cycle are made to share the time
-of the cycle.
-.PP
-Several forms of output are available from the analysis.
-.PP
-The \fIflat profile\fR shows how much time your program spent in each function,
-and how many times that function was called. If you simply want to know
-which functions burn most of the cycles, it is stated concisely here.
-.PP
-The \fIcall graph\fR shows, for each function, which functions called it, which
-other functions it called, and how many times. There is also an estimate
-of how much time was spent in the subroutines of each function. This can
-suggest places where you might try to eliminate function calls that use a
-lot of time.
-.PP
-The \fIannotated source\fR listing is a copy of the program's
-source code, labeled with the number of times each line of the
-program was executed.
-.SH "OPTIONS"
-.IX Header "OPTIONS"
-These options specify which of several output formats
-\&\f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR should produce.
-.PP
-Many of these options take an optional \fIsymspec\fR to specify
-functions to be included or excluded. These options can be
-specified multiple times, with different symspecs, to include
-or exclude sets of symbols.
-.PP
-Specifying any of these options overrides the default (\fB\-p \-q\fR),
-which prints a flat profile and call graph analysis
-for all functions.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-A[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-A[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--annotated-source[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-A\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print annotated source code.
-If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print output only for matching symbols.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-b\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-b"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-brief\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--brief"
-If the \fB\-b\fR option is given, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR doesn't print the
-verbose blurbs that try to explain the meaning of all of the fields in
-the tables. This is useful if you intend to print out the output, or
-are tired of seeing the blurbs.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-C[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-C[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--exec-counts[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-C\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to
-print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.
-If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally only for matching symbols.
-.Sp
-If the profile data file contains basic-block count records, specifying
-the \fB\-l\fR option, along with \fB\-C\fR, will cause basic-block
-execution counts to be tallied and displayed.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-i\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-i"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-file\-info\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--file-info"
-The \fB\-i\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to display summary information
-about the profile data \fIfile\fR\|(s) and then exit. The number of histogram,
-call graph, and basic-block count records is displayed.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-I \f(CIdirs\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-I dirs"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-directory\-path=\f(CIdirs\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--directory-path=dirs"
-The \fB\-I\fR option specifies a list of search directories in
-which to find source files. Environment variable \fI\s-1GPROF_PATH\s0\fR
-can also be used to convey this information.
-Used mostly for annotated source output.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-J[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-J[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-annotated\-source[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--no-annotated-source[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-J\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to
-print annotated source code.
-If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source,
-but excludes matching symbols.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-L\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-L"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-print\-path\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--print-path"
-Normally, source filenames are printed with the path
-component suppressed. The \fB\-L\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR
-to print the full pathname of
-source filenames, which is determined
-from symbolic debugging information in the image file
-and is relative to the directory in which the compiler
-was invoked.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-p[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-p[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--flat-profile[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-p\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a flat profile.
-If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print flat profile only for matching symbols.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-P[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-P[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-flat\-profile[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--no-flat-profile[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-P\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing a flat profile.
-If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a flat profile,
-but excludes matching symbols.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-q[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--graph[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the call graph analysis.
-If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print call graph only for matching symbols
-and their children.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-Q[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-Q[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-graph[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--no-graph[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-Q\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress printing the
-call graph.
-If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints a call graph,
-but excludes matching symbols.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-y\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-y"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-separate\-files\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--separate-files"
-This option affects annotated source output only.
-Normally, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR prints annotated source files
-to standard-output. If this option is specified,
-annotated source for a file named \fIpath/\fIfilename\fI\fR
-is generated in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR. If the underlying
-filesystem would truncate \fI\fIfilename\fI\-ann\fR so that it
-overwrites the original \fI\fIfilename\fI\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR generates
-annotated source in the file \fI\fIfilename\fI.ann\fR instead (if the
-original file name has an extension, that extension is \fIreplaced\fR
-with \fI.ann\fR).
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-Z[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-Z[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-exec\-counts[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--no-exec-counts[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-Z\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR not to
-print a tally of functions and the number of times each was called.
-If \fIsymspec\fR is specified, print tally, but exclude matching symbols.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-function\-ordering\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--function-ordering"
-The \fB\*(--function-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a
-suggested function ordering for the program based on profiling data.
-This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and
-cache behavior for the program on systems which support arbitrary
-ordering of functions in an executable.
-.Sp
-The exact details of how to force the linker to place functions
-in a particular order is system dependent and out of the scope of this
-manual.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-file\-ordering \f(CImap_file\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--file-ordering map_file"
-The \fB\*(--file-ordering\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print a
-suggested .o link line ordering for the program based on profiling data.
-This option suggests an ordering which may improve paging, tlb and
-cache behavior for the program on systems which do not support arbitrary
-ordering of functions in an executable.
-.Sp
-Use of the \fB\-a\fR argument is highly recommended with this option.
-.Sp
-The \fImap_file\fR argument is a pathname to a file which provides
-function name to object file mappings. The format of the file is similar to
-the output of the program \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR.
-.Sp
-.Vb 8
-\& c-parse.o:00000000 T yyparse
-\& c-parse.o:00000004 C yyerrflag
-\& c-lang.o:00000000 T maybe_objc_method_name
-\& c-lang.o:00000000 T print_lang_statistics
-\& c-lang.o:00000000 T recognize_objc_keyword
-\& c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_identifier
-\& c-decl.o:00000000 T print_lang_type
-\& ...
-.Ve
-To create a \fImap_file\fR with \s-1GNU\s0 \f(CW\*(C`nm\*(C'\fR, type a command like
-\&\f(CW\*(C`nm \-\-extern\-only \-\-defined\-only \-v \-\-print\-file\-name program\-name\*(C'\fR.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-T\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-T"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-traditional\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--traditional"
-The \fB\-T\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print its output in
-``traditional'' \s-1BSD\s0 style.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-w \f(CIwidth\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-w width"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-width=\f(CIwidth\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--width=width"
-Sets width of output lines to \fIwidth\fR.
-Currently only used when printing the function index at the bottom
-of the call graph.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-x\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-x"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-all\-lines\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--all-lines"
-This option affects annotated source output only.
-By default, only the lines at the beginning of a basic-block
-are annotated. If this option is specified, every line in
-a basic-block is annotated by repeating the annotation for the
-first line. This behavior is similar to \f(CW\*(C`tcov\*(C'\fR's \fB\-a\fR.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-demangle[=\f(CIstyle\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--demangle[=style]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-demangle\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--no-demangle"
-These options control whether \*(C+ symbol names should be demangled when
-printing output. The default is to demangle symbols. The
-\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-demangle\*(C'\fR option may be used to turn off demangling. Different
-compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style
-argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your
-compiler.
-.Sh "Analysis Options"
-.IX Subsection "Analysis Options"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-a\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-a"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-static\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--no-static"
-The \fB\-a\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to suppress the printing of
-statically declared (private) functions. (These are functions whose
-names are not listed as global, and which are not visible outside the
-file/function/block where they were defined.) Time spent in these
-functions, calls to/from them, etc, will all be attributed to the
-function that was loaded directly before it in the executable file.
-This option affects both the flat profile and the call graph.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-c\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-c"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-static\-call\-graph\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--static-call-graph"
-The \fB\-c\fR option causes the call graph of the program to be
-augmented by a heuristic which examines the text space of the object
-file and identifies function calls in the binary machine code.
-Since normal call graph records are only generated when functions are
-entered, this option identifies children that could have been called,
-but never were. Calls to functions that were not compiled with
-profiling enabled are also identified, but only if symbol table
-entries are present for them.
-Calls to dynamic library routines are typically \fInot\fR found
-by this option.
-Parents or children identified via this heuristic
-are indicated in the call graph with call counts of \fB0\fR.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-D\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-D"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-ignore\-non\-functions\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--ignore-non-functions"
-The \fB\-D\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to ignore symbols which
-are not known to be functions. This option will give more accurate
-profile data on systems where it is supported (Solaris and \s-1HPUX\s0 for
-example).
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-k \f(CIfrom\f(CW/\f(CIto\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-k from/to"
-The \fB\-k\fR option allows you to delete from the call graph any arcs from
-symbols matching symspec \fIfrom\fR to those matching symspec \fIto\fR.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-l\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-l"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-line\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--line"
-The \fB\-l\fR option enables line-by-line profiling, which causes
-histogram hits to be charged to individual source code lines,
-instead of functions.
-If the program was compiled with basic-block counting enabled,
-this option will also identify how many times each line of
-code was executed.
-While line-by-line profiling can help isolate where in a large function
-a program is spending its time, it also significantly increases
-the running time of \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, and magnifies statistical
-inaccuracies.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-m \f(CInum\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-m num"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-min\-count=\f(CInum\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--min-count=num"
-This option affects execution count output only.
-Symbols that are executed less than \fInum\fR times are suppressed.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-n[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-n[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-time[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--time[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis,
-to only propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-N[\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-N[symspec]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-no\-time[=\f(CIsymspec\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--no-time[=symspec]"
-The \fB\-n\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR, in its call graph analysis,
-not to propagate times for symbols matching \fIsymspec\fR.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-z\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-z"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-display\-unused\-functions\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--display-unused-functions"
-If you give the \fB\-z\fR option, \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR will mention all
-functions in the flat profile, even those that were never called, and
-that had no time spent in them. This is useful in conjunction with the
-\&\fB\-c\fR option for discovering which routines were never called.
-.Sh "Miscellaneous Options"
-.IX Subsection "Miscellaneous Options"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-d[\f(CInum\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-d[num]"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-debug[=\f(CInum\f(CW]\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--debug[=num]"
-The \fB\-d\fR \fInum\fR option specifies debugging options.
-If \fInum\fR is not specified, enable all debugging.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-O\f(CIname\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-Oname"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-file\-format=\f(CIname\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--file-format=name"
-Selects the format of the profile data files. Recognized formats are
-\&\fBauto\fR (the default), \fBbsd\fR, \fB4.4bsd\fR, \fBmagic\fR, and
-\&\fBprof\fR (not yet supported).
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-s\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-s"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-sum\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--sum"
-The \fB\-s\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to summarize the information
-in the profile data files it read in, and write out a profile data
-file called \fIgmon.sum\fR, which contains all the information from
-the profile data files that \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR read in. The file \fIgmon.sum\fR
-may be one of the specified input files; the effect of this is to
-merge the data in the other input files into \fIgmon.sum\fR.
-.Sp
-Eventually you can run \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR again without \fB\-s\fR to analyze the
-cumulative data in the file \fIgmon.sum\fR.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-v\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-v"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-\-version\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "--version"
-The \fB\-v\fR flag causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to print the current version
-number, and then exit.
-.Sh "Deprecated Options"
-.IX Subsection "Deprecated Options"
-These options have been replaced with newer versions that use symspecs.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-e \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-e function_name"
-The \fB\-e\fR \fIfunction\fR option tells \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to not print
-information about the function \fIfunction_name\fR (and its
-children...) in the call graph. The function will still be listed
-as a child of any functions that call it, but its index number will be
-shown as \fB[not printed]\fR. More than one \fB\-e\fR option may be
-given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-e\fR
-option.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-E \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-E function_name"
-The \f(CW\*(C`\-E \f(CIfunction\f(CW\*(C'\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-e\*(C'\fR option, but
-time spent in the function (and children who were not called from
-anywhere else), will not be used to compute the percentages-of-time for
-the call graph. More than one \fB\-E\fR option may be given; only one
-\&\fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-E\fR option.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-f \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-f function_name"
-The \fB\-f\fR \fIfunction\fR option causes \f(CW\*(C`gprof\*(C'\fR to limit the
-call graph to the function \fIfunction_name\fR and its children (and
-their children...). More than one \fB\-f\fR option may be given;
-only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each \fB\-f\fR
-option.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\-F \f(CIfunction_name\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "-F function_name"
-The \fB\-F\fR \fIfunction\fR option works like the \f(CW\*(C`\-f\*(C'\fR option, but
-only time spent in the function and its children (and their
-children...) will be used to determine total-time and
-percentages-of-time for the call graph. More than one \fB\-F\fR option
-may be given; only one \fIfunction_name\fR may be indicated with each
-\&\fB\-F\fR option. The \fB\-F\fR option overrides the \fB\-E\fR option.
-.SH "FILES"
-.IX Header "FILES"
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\f(CIa.out\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "a.out"
-the namelist and text space.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\f(CIgmon.out\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "gmon.out"
-dynamic call graph and profile.
-.Ip "\f(CW\*(C`\f(CIgmon.sum\f(CW\*(C'\fR" 4
-.IX Item "gmon.sum"
-summarized dynamic call graph and profile.
-.SH "BUGS"
-.IX Header "BUGS"
-The granularity of the sampling is shown, but remains
-statistical at best.
-We assume that the time for each execution of a function
-can be expressed by the total time for the function divided
-by the number of times the function is called.
-Thus the time propagated along the call graph arcs to the function's
-parents is directly proportional to the number of times that
-arc is traversed.
-.PP
-Parents that are not themselves profiled will have the time of
-their profiled children propagated to them, but they will appear
-to be spontaneously invoked in the call graph listing, and will
-not have their time propagated further.
-Similarly, signal catchers, even though profiled, will appear
-to be spontaneous (although for more obscure reasons).
-Any profiled children of signal catchers should have their times
-propagated properly, unless the signal catcher was invoked during
-the execution of the profiling routine, in which case all is lost.
-.PP
-The profiled program must call \f(CW\*(C`exit\*(C'\fR(2)
-or return normally for the profiling information to be saved
-in the \fIgmon.out\fR file.
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
-\&\fImonitor\fR\|(3), \fIprofil\fR\|(2), \fIcc\fR\|(1), \fIprof\fR\|(1), and the Info entry for \fIgprof\fR.
-.PP
-``An Execution Profiler for Modular Programs'',
-by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick;
-Software \- Practice and Experience,
-Vol. 13, pp. 671\-685, 1983.
-.PP
-``gprof: A Call Graph Execution Profiler'',
-by S. Graham, P. Kessler, M. McKusick;
-Proceedings of the \s-1SIGPLAN\s0 '82 Symposium on Compiler Construction,
-\&\s-1SIGPLAN\s0 Notices, Vol. 17, No 6, pp. 120\-126, June 1982.
-.SH "COPYRIGHT"
-.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
-Copyright (C) 1988, 92, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-.PP
-Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
-or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
-with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
-Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
-section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R".