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diff --git a/gdb/doc/gdb.info-6 b/gdb/doc/gdb.info-6 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77a351e --- /dev/null +++ b/gdb/doc/gdb.info-6 @@ -0,0 +1,1226 @@ +This is Info file ./gdb.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.68 from +the input file gdb.texinfo. + +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* Gdb: (gdb). The GNU debugger. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY + This file documents the GNU debugger GDB. + + This is the Seventh Edition, February 1999, of `Debugging with GDB: +the GNU Source-Level Debugger' for GDB Version 4.18. + + Copyright (C) 1988-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +preserved on all copies. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of +this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also +that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms +of a permission notice identical to this one. + + Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this +manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified +versions. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Files, Next: Symbol Errors, Prev: GDB Files, Up: GDB Files + +Commands to specify files +========================= + + You may want to specify executable and core dump file names. The +usual way to do this is at start-up time, using the arguments to GDB's +start-up commands (*note Getting In and Out of GDB: Invocation.). + + Occasionally it is necessary to change to a different file during a +GDB session. Or you may run GDB and forget to specify a file you want +to use. In these situations the GDB commands to specify new files are +useful. + +`file FILENAME' + Use FILENAME as the program to be debugged. It is read for its + symbols and for the contents of pure memory. It is also the + program executed when you use the `run' command. If you do not + specify a directory and the file is not found in the GDB working + directory, GDB uses the environment variable `PATH' as a list of + directories to search, just as the shell does when looking for a + program to run. You can change the value of this variable, for + both GDB and your program, using the `path' command. + + On systems with memory-mapped files, an auxiliary file + `FILENAME.syms' may hold symbol table information for FILENAME. + If so, GDB maps in the symbol table from `FILENAME.syms', starting + up more quickly. See the descriptions of the file options + `-mapped' and `-readnow' (available on the command line, and with + the commands `file', `symbol-file', or `add-symbol-file', + described below), for more information. + +`file' + `file' with no argument makes GDB discard any information it has + on both executable file and the symbol table. + +`exec-file [ FILENAME ]' + Specify that the program to be run (but not the symbol table) is + found in FILENAME. GDB searches the environment variable `PATH' + if necessary to locate your program. Omitting FILENAME means to + discard information on the executable file. + +`symbol-file [ FILENAME ]' + Read symbol table information from file FILENAME. `PATH' is + searched when necessary. Use the `file' command to get both symbol + table and program to run from the same file. + + `symbol-file' with no argument clears out GDB information on your + program's symbol table. + + The `symbol-file' command causes GDB to forget the contents of its + convenience variables, the value history, and all breakpoints and + auto-display expressions. This is because they may contain + pointers to the internal data recording symbols and data types, + which are part of the old symbol table data being discarded inside + GDB. + + `symbol-file' does not repeat if you press <RET> again after + executing it once. + + When GDB is configured for a particular environment, it + understands debugging information in whatever format is the + standard generated for that environment; you may use either a GNU + compiler, or other compilers that adhere to the local conventions. + Best results are usually obtained from GNU compilers; for example, + using `gcc' you can generate debugging information for optimized + code. + + For most kinds of object files, with the exception of old SVR3 + systems using COFF, the `symbol-file' command does not normally + read the symbol table in full right away. Instead, it scans the + symbol table quickly to find which source files and which symbols + are present. The details are read later, one source file at a + time, as they are needed. + + The purpose of this two-stage reading strategy is to make GDB + start up faster. For the most part, it is invisible except for + occasional pauses while the symbol table details for a particular + source file are being read. (The `set verbose' command can turn + these pauses into messages if desired. *Note Optional warnings + and messages: Messages/Warnings.) + + We have not implemented the two-stage strategy for COFF yet. When + the symbol table is stored in COFF format, `symbol-file' reads the + symbol table data in full right away. Note that "stabs-in-COFF" + still does the two-stage strategy, since the debug info is actually + in stabs format. + +`symbol-file FILENAME [ -readnow ] [ -mapped ]' +`file FILENAME [ -readnow ] [ -mapped ]' + You can override the GDB two-stage strategy for reading symbol + tables by using the `-readnow' option with any of the commands that + load symbol table information, if you want to be sure GDB has the + entire symbol table available. + + If memory-mapped files are available on your system through the + `mmap' system call, you can use another option, `-mapped', to + cause GDB to write the symbols for your program into a reusable + file. Future GDB debugging sessions map in symbol information + from this auxiliary symbol file (if the program has not changed), + rather than spending time reading the symbol table from the + executable program. Using the `-mapped' option has the same + effect as starting GDB with the `-mapped' command-line option. + + You can use both options together, to make sure the auxiliary + symbol file has all the symbol information for your program. + + The auxiliary symbol file for a program called MYPROG is called + `MYPROG.syms'. Once this file exists (so long as it is newer than + the corresponding executable), GDB always attempts to use it when + you debug MYPROG; no special options or commands are needed. + + The `.syms' file is specific to the host machine where you run + GDB. It holds an exact image of the internal GDB symbol table. + It cannot be shared across multiple host platforms. + +`core-file [ FILENAME ]' + Specify the whereabouts of a core dump file to be used as the + "contents of memory". Traditionally, core files contain only some + parts of the address space of the process that generated them; GDB + can access the executable file itself for other parts. + + `core-file' with no argument specifies that no core file is to be + used. + + Note that the core file is ignored when your program is actually + running under GDB. So, if you have been running your program and + you wish to debug a core file instead, you must kill the + subprocess in which the program is running. To do this, use the + `kill' command (*note Killing the child process: Kill Process.). + +`add-symbol-file FILENAME ADDRESS' +`add-symbol-file FILENAME ADDRESS [ -readnow ] [ -mapped ]' + The `add-symbol-file' command reads additional symbol table + information from the file FILENAME. You would use this command + when FILENAME has been dynamically loaded (by some other means) + into the program that is running. ADDRESS should be the memory + address at which the file has been loaded; GDB cannot figure this + out for itself. You can specify ADDRESS as an expression. + + The symbol table of the file FILENAME is added to the symbol table + originally read with the `symbol-file' command. You can use the + `add-symbol-file' command any number of times; the new symbol data + thus read keeps adding to the old. To discard all old symbol data + instead, use the `symbol-file' command. + + `add-symbol-file' does not repeat if you press <RET> after using + it. + + You can use the `-mapped' and `-readnow' options just as with the + `symbol-file' command, to change how GDB manages the symbol table + information for FILENAME. + +`add-shared-symbol-file' + The `add-shared-symbol-file' command can be used only under + Harris' CXUX operating system for the Motorola 88k. GDB + automatically looks for shared libraries, however if GDB does not + find yours, you can run `add-shared-symbol-file'. It takes no + arguments. + +`section' + The `section' command changes the base address of section SECTION + of the exec file to ADDR. This can be used if the exec file does + not contain section addresses, (such as in the a.out format), or + when the addresses specified in the file itself are wrong. Each + section must be changed separately. The "info files" command + lists all the sections and their addresses. + +`info files' +`info target' + `info files' and `info target' are synonymous; both print the + current target (*note Specifying a Debugging Target: Targets.), + including the names of the executable and core dump files + currently in use by GDB, and the files from which symbols were + loaded. The command `help target' lists all possible targets + rather than current ones. + + All file-specifying commands allow both absolute and relative file +names as arguments. GDB always converts the file name to an absolute +file name and remembers it that way. + + GDB supports HP-UX, SunOS, SVr4, Irix 5, and IBM RS/6000 shared +libraries. GDB automatically loads symbol definitions from shared +libraries when you use the `run' command, or when you examine a core +file. (Before you issue the `run' command, GDB does not understand +references to a function in a shared library, however--unless you are +debugging a core file). + +`info share' +`info sharedlibrary' + Print the names of the shared libraries which are currently loaded. + +`sharedlibrary REGEX' +`share REGEX' + Load shared object library symbols for files matching a Unix + regular expression. As with files loaded automatically, it only + loads shared libraries required by your program for a core file or + after typing `run'. If REGEX is omitted all shared libraries + required by your program are loaded. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Symbol Errors, Prev: Files, Up: GDB Files + +Errors reading symbol files +=========================== + + While reading a symbol file, GDB occasionally encounters problems, +such as symbol types it does not recognize, or known bugs in compiler +output. By default, GDB does not notify you of such problems, since +they are relatively common and primarily of interest to people +debugging compilers. If you are interested in seeing information about +ill-constructed symbol tables, you can either ask GDB to print only one +message about each such type of problem, no matter how many times the +problem occurs; or you can ask GDB to print more messages, to see how +many times the problems occur, with the `set complaints' command (*note +Optional warnings and messages: Messages/Warnings.). + + The messages currently printed, and their meanings, include: + +`inner block not inside outer block in SYMBOL' + The symbol information shows where symbol scopes begin and end + (such as at the start of a function or a block of statements). + This error indicates that an inner scope block is not fully + contained in its outer scope blocks. + + GDB circumvents the problem by treating the inner block as if it + had the same scope as the outer block. In the error message, + SYMBOL may be shown as "`(don't know)'" if the outer block is not a + function. + +`block at ADDRESS out of order' + The symbol information for symbol scope blocks should occur in + order of increasing addresses. This error indicates that it does + not do so. + + GDB does not circumvent this problem, and has trouble locating + symbols in the source file whose symbols it is reading. (You can + often determine what source file is affected by specifying `set + verbose on'. *Note Optional warnings and messages: + Messages/Warnings.) + +`bad block start address patched' + The symbol information for a symbol scope block has a start address + smaller than the address of the preceding source line. This is + known to occur in the SunOS 4.1.1 (and earlier) C compiler. + + GDB circumvents the problem by treating the symbol scope block as + starting on the previous source line. + +`bad string table offset in symbol N' + Symbol number N contains a pointer into the string table which is + larger than the size of the string table. + + GDB circumvents the problem by considering the symbol to have the + name `foo', which may cause other problems if many symbols end up + with this name. + +`unknown symbol type `0xNN'' + The symbol information contains new data types that GDB does not + yet know how to read. `0xNN' is the symbol type of the + misunderstood information, in hexadecimal. + + GDB circumvents the error by ignoring this symbol information. + This usually allows you to debug your program, though certain + symbols are not accessible. If you encounter such a problem and + feel like debugging it, you can debug `gdb' with itself, + breakpoint on `complain', then go up to the function + `read_dbx_symtab' and examine `*bufp' to see the symbol. + +`stub type has NULL name' + GDB could not find the full definition for a struct or class. + +`const/volatile indicator missing (ok if using g++ v1.x), got...' + The symbol information for a C++ member function is missing some + information that recent versions of the compiler should have output + for it. + +`info mismatch between compiler and debugger' + GDB could not parse a type specification output by the compiler. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Targets, Next: Controlling GDB, Prev: GDB Files, Up: Top + +Specifying a Debugging Target +***************************** + + A "target" is the execution environment occupied by your program. +Often, GDB runs in the same host environment as your program; in that +case, the debugging target is specified as a side effect when you use +the `file' or `core' commands. When you need more flexibility--for +example, running GDB on a physically separate host, or controlling a +standalone system over a serial port or a realtime system over a TCP/IP +connection--you can use the `target' command to specify one of the +target types configured for GDB (*note Commands for managing targets: +Target Commands.). + +* Menu: + +* Active Targets:: Active targets +* Target Commands:: Commands for managing targets + +* Byte Order:: Choosing target byte order +* Remote:: Remote debugging + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Active Targets, Next: Target Commands, Prev: Targets, Up: Targets + +Active targets +============== + + There are three classes of targets: processes, core files, and +executable files. GDB can work concurrently on up to three active +targets, one in each class. This allows you to (for example) start a +process and inspect its activity without abandoning your work on a core +file. + + For example, if you execute `gdb a.out', then the executable file +`a.out' is the only active target. If you designate a core file as +well--presumably from a prior run that crashed and coredumped--then GDB +has two active targets and uses them in tandem, looking first in the +corefile target, then in the executable file, to satisfy requests for +memory addresses. (Typically, these two classes of target are +complementary, since core files contain only a program's read-write +memory--variables and so on--plus machine status, while executable +files contain only the program text and initialized data.) + + When you type `run', your executable file becomes an active process +target as well. When a process target is active, all GDB commands +requesting memory addresses refer to that target; addresses in an +active core file or executable file target are obscured while the +process target is active. + + Use the `core-file' and `exec-file' commands to select a new core +file or executable target (*note Commands to specify files: Files.). +To specify as a target a process that is already running, use the +`attach' command (*note Debugging an already-running process: Attach.). + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Target Commands, Next: Byte Order, Prev: Active Targets, Up: Targets + +Commands for managing targets +============================= + +`target TYPE PARAMETERS' + Connects the GDB host environment to a target machine or process. + A target is typically a protocol for talking to debugging + facilities. You use the argument TYPE to specify the type or + protocol of the target machine. + + Further PARAMETERS are interpreted by the target protocol, but + typically include things like device names or host names to connect + with, process numbers, and baud rates. + + The `target' command does not repeat if you press <RET> again + after executing the command. + +`help target' + Displays the names of all targets available. To display targets + currently selected, use either `info target' or `info files' + (*note Commands to specify files: Files.). + +`help target NAME' + Describe a particular target, including any parameters necessary to + select it. + +`set gnutarget ARGS' + GDB uses its own library BFD to read your files. GDB knows + whether it is reading an "executable", a "core", or a ".o" file; + however, you can specify the file format with the `set gnutarget' + command. Unlike most `target' commands, with `gnutarget' the + `target' refers to a program, not a machine. + + *Warning:* To specify a file format with `set gnutarget', you must + know the actual BFD name. + + *Note Commands to specify files: Files. + +`show gnutarget' + Use the `show gnutarget' command to display what file format + `gnutarget' is set to read. If you have not set `gnutarget', GDB + will determine the file format for each file automatically, and + `show gnutarget' displays `The current BDF target is "auto"'. + + Here are some common targets (available, or not, depending on the GDB +configuration): + +`target exec PROGRAM' + An executable file. `target exec PROGRAM' is the same as + `exec-file PROGRAM'. + +`target core FILENAME' + A core dump file. `target core FILENAME' is the same as + `core-file FILENAME'. + +`target remote DEV' + Remote serial target in GDB-specific protocol. The argument DEV + specifies what serial device to use for the connection (e.g. + `/dev/ttya'). *Note Remote debugging: Remote. `target remote' now + supports the `load' command. This is only useful if you have some + other way of getting the stub to the target system, and you can put + it somewhere in memory where it won't get clobbered by the + download. + +`target sim' + CPU simulator. *Note Simulated CPU Target: Simulator. + + The following targets are all CPU-specific, and only available for +specific configurations. + +`target abug DEV' + ABug ROM monitor for M68K. + +`target adapt DEV' + Adapt monitor for A29K. + +`target amd-eb DEV SPEED PROG' + Remote PC-resident AMD EB29K board, attached over serial lines. + DEV is the serial device, as for `target remote'; SPEED allows you + to specify the linespeed; and PROG is the name of the program to + be debugged, as it appears to DOS on the PC. *Note The EBMON + protocol for AMD29K: EB29K Remote. + +`target array DEV' + Array Tech LSI33K RAID controller board. + +`target bug DEV' + BUG monitor, running on a MVME187 (m88k) board. + +`target cpu32bug DEV' + CPU32BUG monitor, running on a CPU32 (M68K) board. + +`target dbug DEV' + dBUG ROM monitor for Motorola ColdFire. + +`target ddb DEV' + NEC's DDB monitor for Mips Vr4300. + +`target dink32 DEV' + DINK32 ROM monitor for PowerPC. + +`target e7000 DEV' + E7000 emulator for Hitachi H8 and SH. + +`target es1800 DEV' + ES-1800 emulator for M68K. + +`target est DEV' + EST-300 ICE monitor, running on a CPU32 (M68K) board. + +`target hms DEV' + A Hitachi SH, H8/300, or H8/500 board, attached via serial line to + your host. Use special commands `device' and `speed' to control + the serial line and the communications speed used. *Note GDB and + Hitachi Microprocessors: Hitachi Remote. + +`target lsi DEV' + LSI ROM monitor for Mips. + +`target m32r DEV' + Mitsubishi M32R/D ROM monitor. + +`target mips DEV' + IDT/SIM ROM monitor for Mips. + +`target mon960 DEV' + MON960 monitor for Intel i960. + +`target nindy DEVICENAME' + An Intel 960 board controlled by a Nindy Monitor. DEVICENAME is + the name of the serial device to use for the connection, e.g. + `/dev/ttya'. *Note GDB with a remote i960 (Nindy): i960-Nindy + Remote. + +`target nrom DEV' + NetROM ROM emulator. This target only supports downloading. + +`target op50n DEV' + OP50N monitor, running on an OKI HPPA board. + +`target pmon DEV' + PMON ROM monitor for Mips. + +`target ppcbug DEV' + +`target ppcbug1 DEV' + PPCBUG ROM monitor for PowerPC. + +`target r3900 DEV' + Densan DVE-R3900 ROM monitor for Toshiba R3900 Mips. + +`target rdi DEV' + ARM Angel monitor, via RDI library interface. + +`target rdp DEV' + ARM Demon monitor. + +`target rom68k DEV' + ROM 68K monitor, running on an M68K IDP board. + +`target rombug DEV' + ROMBUG ROM monitor for OS/9000. + +`target sds DEV' + SDS monitor, running on a PowerPC board (such as Motorola's ADS). + +`target sparclite DEV' + Fujitsu sparclite boards, used only for the purpose of loading. + You must use an additional command to debug the program. For + example: target remote DEV using GDB standard remote protocol. + +`target sh3 DEV' + +`target sh3e DEV' + Hitachi SH-3 and SH-3E target systems. + +`target st2000 DEV SPEED' + A Tandem ST2000 phone switch, running Tandem's STDBUG protocol. + DEV is the name of the device attached to the ST2000 serial line; + SPEED is the communication line speed. The arguments are not used + if GDB is configured to connect to the ST2000 using TCP or Telnet. + *Note GDB with a Tandem ST2000: ST2000 Remote. + +`target udi KEYWORD' + Remote AMD29K target, using the AMD UDI protocol. The KEYWORD + argument specifies which 29K board or simulator to use. *Note The + UDI protocol for AMD29K: UDI29K Remote. + +`target vxworks MACHINENAME' + A VxWorks system, attached via TCP/IP. The argument MACHINENAME + is the target system's machine name or IP address. *Note GDB and + VxWorks: VxWorks Remote. + +`target w89k DEV' + W89K monitor, running on a Winbond HPPA board. + + Different targets are available on different configurations of GDB; +your configuration may have more or fewer targets. + + Many remote targets require you to download the executable's code +once you've successfully established a connection. + +`load FILENAME' + Depending on what remote debugging facilities are configured into + GDB, the `load' command may be available. Where it exists, it is + meant to make FILENAME (an executable) available for debugging on + the remote system--by downloading, or dynamic linking, for example. + `load' also records the FILENAME symbol table in GDB, like the + `add-symbol-file' command. + + If your GDB does not have a `load' command, attempting to execute + it gets the error message "`You can't do that when your target is + ...'" + + The file is loaded at whatever address is specified in the + executable. For some object file formats, you can specify the + load address when you link the program; for other formats, like + a.out, the object file format specifies a fixed address. + + On VxWorks, `load' links FILENAME dynamically on the current + target system as well as adding its symbols in GDB. + + With the Nindy interface to an Intel 960 board, `load' downloads + FILENAME to the 960 as well as adding its symbols in GDB. + + When you select remote debugging to a Hitachi SH, H8/300, or + H8/500 board (*note GDB and Hitachi Microprocessors: Hitachi + Remote.), the `load' command downloads your program to the Hitachi + board and also opens it as the current executable target for GDB + on your host (like the `file' command). + + `load' does not repeat if you press <RET> again after using it. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Byte Order, Next: Remote, Prev: Target Commands, Up: Targets + +Choosing target byte order +========================== + + Some types of processors, such as the MIPS, PowerPC, and Hitachi SH, +offer the ability to run either big-endian or little-endian byte +orders. Usually the executable or symbol will include a bit to +designate the endian-ness, and you will not need to worry about which +to use. However, you may still find it useful to adjust GDB's idea of +processor endian-ness manually. + +`set endian big' + Instruct GDB to assume the target is big-endian. + +`set endian little' + Instruct GDB to assume the target is little-endian. + +`set endian auto' + Instruct GDB to use the byte order associated with the executable. + +`show endian' + Display GDB's current idea of the target byte order. + + Note that these commands merely adjust interpretation of symbolic +data on the host, and that they have absolutely no effect on the target +system. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Remote, Prev: Byte Order, Up: Targets + +Remote debugging +================ + + If you are trying to debug a program running on a machine that +cannot run GDB in the usual way, it is often useful to use remote +debugging. For example, you might use remote debugging on an operating +system kernel, or on a small system which does not have a general +purpose operating system powerful enough to run a full-featured +debugger. + + Some configurations of GDB have special serial or TCP/IP interfaces +to make this work with particular debugging targets. In addition, GDB +comes with a generic serial protocol (specific to GDB, but not specific +to any particular target system) which you can use if you write the +remote stubs--the code that runs on the remote system to communicate +with GDB. + + Other remote targets may be available in your configuration of GDB; +use `help target' to list them. + +* Menu: + + +* Remote Serial:: GDB remote serial protocol + +* i960-Nindy Remote:: GDB with a remote i960 (Nindy) + +* UDI29K Remote:: The UDI protocol for AMD29K +* EB29K Remote:: The EBMON protocol for AMD29K + +* VxWorks Remote:: GDB and VxWorks + +* ST2000 Remote:: GDB with a Tandem ST2000 + +* Hitachi Remote:: GDB and Hitachi Microprocessors + +* MIPS Remote:: GDB and MIPS boards + +* Sparclet Remote:: GDB and Sparclet boards + +* Simulator:: Simulated CPU target + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Remote Serial, Next: i960-Nindy Remote, Up: Remote + +The GDB remote serial protocol +------------------------------ + + To debug a program running on another machine (the debugging +"target" machine), you must first arrange for all the usual +prerequisites for the program to run by itself. For example, for a C +program, you need: + + 1. A startup routine to set up the C runtime environment; these + usually have a name like `crt0'. The startup routine may be + supplied by your hardware supplier, or you may have to write your + own. + + 2. You probably need a C subroutine library to support your program's + subroutine calls, notably managing input and output. + + 3. A way of getting your program to the other machine--for example, a + download program. These are often supplied by the hardware + manufacturer, but you may have to write your own from hardware + documentation. + + The next step is to arrange for your program to use a serial port to +communicate with the machine where GDB is running (the "host" machine). +In general terms, the scheme looks like this: + +*On the host,* + GDB already understands how to use this protocol; when everything + else is set up, you can simply use the `target remote' command + (*note Specifying a Debugging Target: Targets.). + +*On the target,* + you must link with your program a few special-purpose subroutines + that implement the GDB remote serial protocol. The file + containing these subroutines is called a "debugging stub". + + On certain remote targets, you can use an auxiliary program + `gdbserver' instead of linking a stub into your program. *Note + Using the `gdbserver' program: Server, for details. + + The debugging stub is specific to the architecture of the remote +machine; for example, use `sparc-stub.c' to debug programs on SPARC +boards. + + These working remote stubs are distributed with GDB: + +`i386-stub.c' + For Intel 386 and compatible architectures. + +`m68k-stub.c' + For Motorola 680x0 architectures. + +`sh-stub.c' + For Hitachi SH architectures. + +`sparc-stub.c' + For SPARC architectures. + +`sparcl-stub.c' + For Fujitsu SPARCLITE architectures. + + The `README' file in the GDB distribution may list other recently +added stubs. + +* Menu: + +* Stub Contents:: What the stub can do for you +* Bootstrapping:: What you must do for the stub +* Debug Session:: Putting it all together +* Protocol:: Outline of the communication protocol + +* Server:: Using the `gdbserver' program + +* NetWare:: Using the `gdbserve.nlm' program + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Stub Contents, Next: Bootstrapping, Up: Remote Serial + +What the stub can do for you +............................ + + The debugging stub for your architecture supplies these three +subroutines: + +`set_debug_traps' + This routine arranges for `handle_exception' to run when your + program stops. You must call this subroutine explicitly near the + beginning of your program. + +`handle_exception' + This is the central workhorse, but your program never calls it + explicitly--the setup code arranges for `handle_exception' to run + when a trap is triggered. + + `handle_exception' takes control when your program stops during + execution (for example, on a breakpoint), and mediates + communications with GDB on the host machine. This is where the + communications protocol is implemented; `handle_exception' acts as + the GDB representative on the target machine; it begins by sending + summary information on the state of your program, then continues + to execute, retrieving and transmitting any information GDB needs, + until you execute a GDB command that makes your program resume; at + that point, `handle_exception' returns control to your own code on + the target machine. + +`breakpoint' + Use this auxiliary subroutine to make your program contain a + breakpoint. Depending on the particular situation, this may be + the only way for GDB to get control. For instance, if your target + machine has some sort of interrupt button, you won't need to call + this; pressing the interrupt button transfers control to + `handle_exception'--in effect, to GDB. On some machines, simply + receiving characters on the serial port may also trigger a trap; + again, in that situation, you don't need to call `breakpoint' from + your own program--simply running `target remote' from the host GDB + session gets control. + + Call `breakpoint' if none of these is true, or if you simply want + to make certain your program stops at a predetermined point for the + start of your debugging session. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Bootstrapping, Next: Debug Session, Prev: Stub Contents, Up: Remote Serial + +What you must do for the stub +............................. + + The debugging stubs that come with GDB are set up for a particular +chip architecture, but they have no information about the rest of your +debugging target machine. + + First of all you need to tell the stub how to communicate with the +serial port. + +`int getDebugChar()' + Write this subroutine to read a single character from the serial + port. It may be identical to `getchar' for your target system; a + different name is used to allow you to distinguish the two if you + wish. + +`void putDebugChar(int)' + Write this subroutine to write a single character to the serial + port. It may be identical to `putchar' for your target system; a + different name is used to allow you to distinguish the two if you + wish. + + If you want GDB to be able to stop your program while it is running, +you need to use an interrupt-driven serial driver, and arrange for it +to stop when it receives a `^C' (`\003', the control-C character). +That is the character which GDB uses to tell the remote system to stop. + + Getting the debugging target to return the proper status to GDB +probably requires changes to the standard stub; one quick and dirty way +is to just execute a breakpoint instruction (the "dirty" part is that +GDB reports a `SIGTRAP' instead of a `SIGINT'). + + Other routines you need to supply are: + +`void exceptionHandler (int EXCEPTION_NUMBER, void *EXCEPTION_ADDRESS)' + Write this function to install EXCEPTION_ADDRESS in the exception + handling tables. You need to do this because the stub does not + have any way of knowing what the exception handling tables on your + target system are like (for example, the processor's table might + be in ROM, containing entries which point to a table in RAM). + EXCEPTION_NUMBER is the exception number which should be changed; + its meaning is architecture-dependent (for example, different + numbers might represent divide by zero, misaligned access, etc). + When this exception occurs, control should be transferred directly + to EXCEPTION_ADDRESS, and the processor state (stack, registers, + and so on) should be just as it is when a processor exception + occurs. So if you want to use a jump instruction to reach + EXCEPTION_ADDRESS, it should be a simple jump, not a jump to + subroutine. + + For the 386, EXCEPTION_ADDRESS should be installed as an interrupt + gate so that interrupts are masked while the handler runs. The + gate should be at privilege level 0 (the most privileged level). + The SPARC and 68k stubs are able to mask interrup themselves + without help from `exceptionHandler'. + +`void flush_i_cache()' + (sparc and sparclite only) Write this subroutine to flush the + instruction cache, if any, on your target machine. If there is no + instruction cache, this subroutine may be a no-op. + + On target machines that have instruction caches, GDB requires this + function to make certain that the state of your program is stable. + +You must also make sure this library routine is available: + +`void *memset(void *, int, int)' + This is the standard library function `memset' that sets an area of + memory to a known value. If you have one of the free versions of + `libc.a', `memset' can be found there; otherwise, you must either + obtain it from your hardware manufacturer, or write your own. + + If you do not use the GNU C compiler, you may need other standard +library subroutines as well; this varies from one stub to another, but +in general the stubs are likely to use any of the common library +subroutines which `gcc' generates as inline code. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Debug Session, Next: Protocol, Prev: Bootstrapping, Up: Remote Serial + +Putting it all together +....................... + + In summary, when your program is ready to debug, you must follow +these steps. + + 1. Make sure you have the supporting low-level routines (*note What + you must do for the stub: Bootstrapping.): + `getDebugChar', `putDebugChar', + `flush_i_cache', `memset', `exceptionHandler'. + + 2. Insert these lines near the top of your program: + + set_debug_traps(); + breakpoint(); + + 3. For the 680x0 stub only, you need to provide a variable called + `exceptionHook'. Normally you just use: + + void (*exceptionHook)() = 0; + + but if before calling `set_debug_traps', you set it to point to a + function in your program, that function is called when `GDB' + continues after stopping on a trap (for example, bus error). The + function indicated by `exceptionHook' is called with one + parameter: an `int' which is the exception number. + + 4. Compile and link together: your program, the GDB debugging stub for + your target architecture, and the supporting subroutines. + + 5. Make sure you have a serial connection between your target machine + and the GDB host, and identify the serial port on the host. + + 6. Download your program to your target machine (or get it there by + whatever means the manufacturer provides), and start it. + + 7. To start remote debugging, run GDB on the host machine, and specify + as an executable file the program that is running in the remote + machine. This tells GDB how to find your program's symbols and + the contents of its pure text. + + Then establish communication using the `target remote' command. + Its argument specifies how to communicate with the target + machine--either via a devicename attached to a direct serial line, + or a TCP port (usually to a terminal server which in turn has a + serial line to the target). For example, to use a serial line + connected to the device named `/dev/ttyb': + + target remote /dev/ttyb + + To use a TCP connection, use an argument of the form `HOST:port'. + For example, to connect to port 2828 on a terminal server named + `manyfarms': + + target remote manyfarms:2828 + + Now you can use all the usual commands to examine and change data +and to step and continue the remote program. + + To resume the remote program and stop debugging it, use the `detach' +command. + + Whenever GDB is waiting for the remote program, if you type the +interrupt character (often <C-C>), GDB attempts to stop the program. +This may or may not succeed, depending in part on the hardware and the +serial drivers the remote system uses. If you type the interrupt +character once again, GDB displays this prompt: + + Interrupted while waiting for the program. + Give up (and stop debugging it)? (y or n) + + If you type `y', GDB abandons the remote debugging session. (If you +decide you want to try again later, you can use `target remote' again +to connect once more.) If you type `n', GDB goes back to waiting. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Protocol, Next: Server, Prev: Debug Session, Up: Remote Serial + +Communication protocol +...................... + + The stub files provided with GDB implement the target side of the +communication protocol, and the GDB side is implemented in the GDB +source file `remote.c'. Normally, you can simply allow these +subroutines to communicate, and ignore the details. (If you're +implementing your own stub file, you can still ignore the details: start +with one of the existing stub files. `sparc-stub.c' is the best +organized, and therefore the easiest to read.) + + However, there may be occasions when you need to know something about +the protocol--for example, if there is only one serial port to your +target machine, you might want your program to do something special if +it recognizes a packet meant for GDB. + + All GDB commands and responses (other than acknowledgements, which +are single characters) are sent as a packet which includes a checksum. +A packet is introduced with the character `$', and ends with the +character `#' followed by a two-digit checksum: + + $PACKET INFO#CHECKSUM + +CHECKSUM is computed as the modulo 256 sum of the PACKET INFO +characters. + + When either the host or the target machine receives a packet, the +first response expected is an acknowledgement: a single character, +either `+' (to indicate the package was received correctly) or `-' (to +request retransmission). + + The host (GDB) sends commands, and the target (the debugging stub +incorporated in your program) sends data in response. The target also +sends data when your program stops. + + Command packets are distinguished by their first character, which +identifies the kind of command. + + These are some of the commands currently supported (for a complete +list of commands, look in `gdb/remote.c.'): + +`g' + Requests the values of CPU registers. + +`G' + Sets the values of CPU registers. + +`mADDR,COUNT' + Read COUNT bytes at location ADDR. + +`MADDR,COUNT:...' + Write COUNT bytes at location ADDR. + +`c' +`cADDR' + Resume execution at the current address (or at ADDR if supplied). + +`s' +`sADDR' + Step the target program for one instruction, from either the + current program counter or from ADDR if supplied. + +`k' + Kill the target program. + +`?' + Report the most recent signal. To allow you to take advantage of + the GDB signal handling commands, one of the functions of the + debugging stub is to report CPU traps as the corresponding POSIX + signal values. + +`T' + Allows the remote stub to send only the registers that GDB needs + to make a quick decision about single-stepping or conditional + breakpoints. This eliminates the need to fetch the entire + register set for each instruction being stepped through. + + GDB now implements a write-through cache for registers and only + re-reads the registers if the target has run. + + If you have trouble with the serial connection, you can use the +command `set remotedebug'. This makes GDB report on all packets sent +back and forth across the serial line to the remote machine. The +packet-debugging information is printed on the GDB standard output +stream. `set remotedebug off' turns it off, and `show remotedebug' +shows you its current state. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Server, Next: NetWare, Prev: Protocol, Up: Remote Serial + +Using the `gdbserver' program +............................. + + `gdbserver' is a control program for Unix-like systems, which allows +you to connect your program with a remote GDB via `target remote'--but +without linking in the usual debugging stub. + + `gdbserver' is not a complete replacement for the debugging stubs, +because it requires essentially the same operating-system facilities +that GDB itself does. In fact, a system that can run `gdbserver' to +connect to a remote GDB could also run GDB locally! `gdbserver' is +sometimes useful nevertheless, because it is a much smaller program +than GDB itself. It is also easier to port than all of GDB, so you may +be able to get started more quickly on a new system by using +`gdbserver'. Finally, if you develop code for real-time systems, you +may find that the tradeoffs involved in real-time operation make it +more convenient to do as much development work as possible on another +system, for example by cross-compiling. You can use `gdbserver' to +make a similar choice for debugging. + + GDB and `gdbserver' communicate via either a serial line or a TCP +connection, using the standard GDB remote serial protocol. + +*On the target machine,* + you need to have a copy of the program you want to debug. + `gdbserver' does not need your program's symbol table, so you can + strip the program if necessary to save space. GDB on the host + system does all the symbol handling. + + To use the server, you must tell it how to communicate with GDB; + the name of your program; and the arguments for your program. The + syntax is: + + target> gdbserver COMM PROGRAM [ ARGS ... ] + + COMM is either a device name (to use a serial line) or a TCP + hostname and portnumber. For example, to debug Emacs with the + argument `foo.txt' and communicate with GDB over the serial port + `/dev/com1': + + target> gdbserver /dev/com1 emacs foo.txt + + `gdbserver' waits passively for the host GDB to communicate with + it. + + To use a TCP connection instead of a serial line: + + target> gdbserver host:2345 emacs foo.txt + + The only difference from the previous example is the first + argument, specifying that you are communicating with the host GDB + via TCP. The `host:2345' argument means that `gdbserver' is to + expect a TCP connection from machine `host' to local TCP port 2345. + (Currently, the `host' part is ignored.) You can choose any number + you want for the port number as long as it does not conflict with + any TCP ports already in use on the target system (for example, + `23' is reserved for `telnet').(1) You must use the same port + number with the host GDB `target remote' command. + +*On the GDB host machine,* + you need an unstripped copy of your program, since GDB needs + symbols and debugging information. Start up GDB as usual, using + the name of the local copy of your program as the first argument. + (You may also need the `--baud' option if the serial line is + running at anything other than 9600 bps.) After that, use `target + remote' to establish communications with `gdbserver'. Its argument + is either a device name (usually a serial device, like + `/dev/ttyb'), or a TCP port descriptor in the form `HOST:PORT'. + For example: + + (gdb) target remote /dev/ttyb + + communicates with the server via serial line `/dev/ttyb', and + + (gdb) target remote the-target:2345 + + communicates via a TCP connection to port 2345 on host + `the-target'. For TCP connections, you must start up `gdbserver' + prior to using the `target remote' command. Otherwise you may get + an error whose text depends on the host system, but which usually + looks something like `Connection refused'. + + ---------- Footnotes ---------- + + (1) If you choose a port number that conflicts with another service, +`gdbserver' prints an error message and exits. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: NetWare, Prev: Server, Up: Remote Serial + +Using the `gdbserve.nlm' program +................................ + + `gdbserve.nlm' is a control program for NetWare systems, which +allows you to connect your program with a remote GDB via `target +remote'. + + GDB and `gdbserve.nlm' communicate via a serial line, using the +standard GDB remote serial protocol. + +*On the target machine,* + you need to have a copy of the program you want to debug. + `gdbserve.nlm' does not need your program's symbol table, so you + can strip the program if necessary to save space. GDB on the host + system does all the symbol handling. + + To use the server, you must tell it how to communicate with GDB; + the name of your program; and the arguments for your program. The + syntax is: + + load gdbserve [ BOARD=BOARD ] [ PORT=PORT ] + [ BAUD=BAUD ] PROGRAM [ ARGS ... ] + + BOARD and PORT specify the serial line; BAUD specifies the baud + rate used by the connection. PORT and NODE default to 0, BAUD + defaults to 9600 bps. + + For example, to debug Emacs with the argument `foo.txt'and + communicate with GDB over serial port number 2 or board 1 using a + 19200 bps connection: + + load gdbserve BOARD=1 PORT=2 BAUD=19200 emacs foo.txt + +*On the GDB host machine,* + you need an unstripped copy of your program, since GDB needs + symbols and debugging information. Start up GDB as usual, using + the name of the local copy of your program as the first argument. + (You may also need the `--baud' option if the serial line is + running at anything other than 9600 bps. After that, use `target + remote' to establish communications with `gdbserve.nlm'. Its + argument is a device name (usually a serial device, like + `/dev/ttyb'). For example: + + (gdb) target remote /dev/ttyb + + communications with the server via serial line `/dev/ttyb'. + + +File: gdb.info, Node: i960-Nindy Remote, Next: UDI29K Remote, Prev: Remote Serial, Up: Remote + +GDB with a remote i960 (Nindy) +------------------------------ + + "Nindy" is a ROM Monitor program for Intel 960 target systems. When +GDB is configured to control a remote Intel 960 using Nindy, you can +tell GDB how to connect to the 960 in several ways: + + * Through command line options specifying serial port, version of the + Nindy protocol, and communications speed; + + * By responding to a prompt on startup; + + * By using the `target' command at any point during your GDB + session. *Note Commands for managing targets: Target Commands. + +* Menu: + +* Nindy Startup:: Startup with Nindy +* Nindy Options:: Options for Nindy +* Nindy Reset:: Nindy reset command + + +File: gdb.info, Node: Nindy Startup, Next: Nindy Options, Up: i960-Nindy Remote + +Startup with Nindy +.................. + + If you simply start `gdb' without using any command-line options, +you are prompted for what serial port to use, *before* you reach the +ordinary GDB prompt: + + Attach /dev/ttyNN -- specify NN, or "quit" to quit: + +Respond to the prompt with whatever suffix (after `/dev/tty') +identifies the serial port you want to use. You can, if you choose, +simply start up with no Nindy connection by responding to the prompt +with an empty line. If you do this and later wish to attach to Nindy, +use `target' (*note Commands for managing targets: Target Commands.). + |