[CIR] Refactor IntType constraints (#138106)

- Adds `CIR_` prefixes to integer type constraints types to disambiguate their names from other dialects.
- Renames `PrimitiveInt` to `CIR_AnyFundamentalIntType` to align more with constrian conventions.
- Adds bunch of helper constraint classes to be able to define base types to reduce clutter of necessary type casts.
- Reworks constraints to use `CIR_ConfinedType` to avoid repeating validation checks.
- Adds `IntOfWidths` variadic bitwidth constraint to reduce boilerplate code needed to handle multi-bitwidth parameters.
- Constraints are moved into a separate file, which starts decoupling of constraints and types to remove the cyclic dependency between types and attributes and will eventually help fix several outstanding TODOs.

This mirrors incubator changes from https://github.com/llvm/clangir/pull/1593

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