// This file is included in both the libgcobol and gcc/cobol compilations
/*
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#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <locale.h>
#include <iconv.h>

#include "ec.h"
#include "common-defs.h"
#include "io.h"
#include "gcobolio.h"
#include "libgcobol.h"
#include "charmaps.h"
#include "valconv.h"

// First: single-byte-coded (SBC) character sets:

// 7-bit ASCII is a subset of the various ISO/IEC 8859 code pages.
// 8859 is a subset of code page 1252.
// CP1252 is informally, and improperly, known as the "ANSI" code set.  In
// modern usage, when somebody says "8859-1", they almost invariably are
// referring to a CP1252 code set.

// EBCDIC is also an SBC character set.  IBM's original "international EBCDIC"
// code set was Code Page 37, which did not have a Euro sign.  Code Page 1140
// is the same as CP37, but with the Euro sign replacing the "universal
// currency symbol" at position 0x9F.  The table below maps the 256 values of
// CodePage 1140 to the 256 values of CodePage 1252 in a way that allows for
// "round trip" conversion without any loss.

// See https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code_page_37&oldid=1082467670,

// The modern world increasingly uses UTF-8, which is in conflict with ordinary
// COBOL's inherently single-byte nature.  In UTF-8, the encoding for a Euro
// sign is three bytes (U+20AC encodes to E2 A2 AC).  In single-byte CP1252, the
// Euro is encoded as 0x80.

// So, we are going to assume that internally, the generated COBOL executable
// operates in code page 1252 or [hopefully some day] code page 1140.

// We will convert output, as in DISPLAY <something> from the internal character
// set to the running machine's locale (for now, that locale will be assumed to
// be 1252/8859 if it isn't UTF-8).

// And we will take some pains to figure out if the source code file was done
// as UTF-8; if not, we will assume 1252/8859-1

// __gg__ebcdic_codeset_in_use is the ultimate determinator of whether the
// internal codeset is ASCII/CP1252 or EBCDIC/CP1140.
bool __gg__ebcdic_codeset_in_use = false ;

static text_codeset_t source_codeset  = cs_cp1252_e;
static text_codeset_t console_codeset = cs_default_e;

#define UNICODE_REPLACEMENT 0xFFFD  // This a white question mark in a black diamond
#define ASCII_REPLACEMENT 0x87     // In CP1252, 0x87 is a double-dagger

// This table is the default one-to-one mapping that's used, for example, when
// starting with ASCII and doing ASCII comparisons:

const unsigned short
__gg__one_to_one_values[256] =
    {
    0x00,0x01,0x02,0x03,0x04,0x05,0x06,0x07,0x08,0x09,0x0A,0x0B,0x0C,0x0D,0x0E,0x0F,
    0x10,0x11,0x12,0x13,0x14,0x15,0x16,0x17,0x18,0x19,0x1A,0x1B,0x1C,0x1D,0x1E,0x1F,
    0x20,0x21,0x22,0x23,0x24,0x25,0x26,0x27,0x28,0x29,0x2A,0x2B,0x2C,0x2D,0x2E,0x2F,
    0x30,0x31,0x32,0x33,0x34,0x35,0x36,0x37,0x38,0x39,0x3A,0x3B,0x3C,0x3D,0x3E,0x3F,
    0x40,0x41,0x42,0x43,0x44,0x45,0x46,0x47,0x48,0x49,0x4A,0x4B,0x4C,0x4D,0x4E,0x4F,
    0x50,0x51,0x52,0x53,0x54,0x55,0x56,0x57,0x58,0x59,0x5A,0x5B,0x5C,0x5D,0x5E,0x5F,
    0x60,0x61,0x62,0x63,0x64,0x65,0x66,0x67,0x68,0x69,0x6A,0x6B,0x6C,0x6D,0x6E,0x6F,
    0x70,0x71,0x72,0x73,0x74,0x75,0x76,0x77,0x78,0x79,0x7A,0x7B,0x7C,0x7D,0x7E,0x7F,
    0x80,0x81,0x82,0x83,0x84,0x85,0x86,0x87,0x88,0x89,0x8A,0x8B,0x8C,0x8D,0x8E,0x8F,
    0x90,0x91,0x92,0x93,0x94,0x95,0x96,0x97,0x98,0x99,0x9A,0x9B,0x9C,0x9D,0x9E,0x9F,
    0xA0,0xA1,0xA2,0xA3,0xA4,0xA5,0xA6,0xA7,0xA8,0xA9,0xAA,0xAB,0xAC,0xAD,0xAE,0xAF,
    0xB0,0xB1,0xB2,0xB3,0xB4,0xB5,0xB6,0xB7,0xB8,0xB9,0xBA,0xBB,0xBC,0xBD,0xBE,0xBF,
    0xC0,0xC1,0xC2,0xC3,0xC4,0xC5,0xC6,0xC7,0xC8,0xC9,0xCA,0xCB,0xCC,0xCD,0xCE,0xCF,
    0xD0,0xD1,0xD2,0xD3,0xD4,0xD5,0xD6,0xD7,0xD8,0xD9,0xDA,0xDB,0xDC,0xDD,0xDE,0xDF,
    0xE0,0xE1,0xE2,0xE3,0xE4,0xE5,0xE6,0xE7,0xE8,0xE9,0xEA,0xEB,0xEC,0xED,0xEE,0xEF,
    0xF0,0xF1,0xF2,0xF3,0xF4,0xF5,0xF6,0xF7,0xF8,0xF9,0xFA,0xFB,0xFC,0xFD,0xFE,0xFF
    };

// This table can be used for converting EBCDIC values to CP1252.

// There is an unfortunate caveat, one that undoubtedly will have unintended
// consequences.  But COBOL has has the concept of a HIGH-VALUE, a character
// that theoretically tests alphanumercially greater than all other characters.
// In the CP1252 code page, the default HIGH-VALUE (it can be changed by the
// ALPHABET clause is 0xFF, which is displayed as the character 'ÿ').  In the
// EBCDIC code page 1140, that character is an EO control code.

// So. In order that the default HIGH-VALUE once and always is 0xFF, these
// two tables have been modified slightly so that 0xFF always maps to 0xFF

// Programmers who use the ALPHABET clause to change the HIGH-VALUE are on their
// own.


const unsigned short
__gg__cp1140_to_cp1252_values[256] =
    {
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x9C, 0x09, 0x86, 0x7F, 0x97, 0x8D, 0x8E, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x9D, 0x85, 0x08, 0x87, 0x18, 0x19, 0x92, 0x8F, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F,
    0xA4, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x0A, 0x17, 0x1B, 0x88, 0x89, 0x8A, 0x8B, 0x8C, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x90, 0x91, 0x16, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96, 0x04, 0x98, 0x99, 0x9A, 0x9B, 0x14, 0x15, 0x9E, 0x1A,
    0x20, 0xA0, 0xE2, 0xE4, 0xE0, 0xE1, 0xE3, 0xE5, 0xE7, 0xF1, 0xA2, 0x2E, 0x3C, 0x28, 0x2B, 0x7C,
    0x26, 0xE9, 0xEA, 0xEB, 0xE8, 0xED, 0xEE, 0xEF, 0xEC, 0xDF, 0x21, 0x24, 0x2A, 0x29, 0x3B, 0xAC,
    0x2D, 0x2F, 0xC2, 0xC4, 0xC0, 0xC1, 0xC3, 0xC5, 0xC7, 0xD1, 0xA6, 0x2C, 0x25, 0x5F, 0x3E, 0x3F,
    0xF8, 0xC9, 0xCA, 0xCB, 0xC8, 0xCD, 0xCE, 0xCF, 0xCC, 0x60, 0x3A, 0x23, 0x40, 0x27, 0x3D, 0x22,
    0xD8, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66, 0x67, 0x68, 0x69, 0xAB, 0xBB, 0xF0, 0xFD, 0xFE, 0xB1,
    0xB0, 0x6A, 0x6B, 0x6C, 0x6D, 0x6E, 0x6F, 0x70, 0x71, 0x72, 0xAA, 0xBA, 0xE6, 0xB8, 0xC6, 0x80,
    0xB5, 0x7E, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77, 0x78, 0x79, 0x7A, 0xA1, 0xBF, 0xD0, 0xDD, 0xDE, 0xAE,
    0x5E, 0xA3, 0xA5, 0xB7, 0xA9, 0xA7, 0xB6, 0xBC, 0xBD, 0xBE, 0x5B, 0x5D, 0xAF, 0xA8, 0xB4, 0xD7,
    0x7B, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47, 0x48, 0x49, 0xAD, 0xF4, 0xF6, 0xF2, 0xF3, 0xF5,
    0x7D, 0x4A, 0x4B, 0x4C, 0x4D, 0x4E, 0x4F, 0x50, 0x51, 0x52, 0xB9, 0xFB, 0xFC, 0xF9, 0xFA, 0xFF,
    0x5C, 0xF7, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57, 0x58, 0x59, 0x5A, 0xB2, 0xD4, 0xD6, 0xD2, 0xD3, 0xD5,
    0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0xB3, 0xDB, 0xDC, 0xD9, 0xDA, /*0x9F*/ 0xFF,
    };

// This table is the mirror image of cp1140_to_cp1252_values, except for the
// above-mentioned 0xFF
const unsigned short
__gg__cp1252_to_cp1140_values[256] =
    {
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x37, 0x2D, 0x2E, 0x2F, 0x16, 0x05, 0x25, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x3C, 0x3D, 0x32, 0x26, 0x18, 0x19, 0x3F, 0x27, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F,
    0x40, 0x5A, 0x7F, 0x7B, 0x5B, 0x6C, 0x50, 0x7D, 0x4D, 0x5D, 0x5C, 0x4E, 0x6B, 0x60, 0x4B, 0x61,
    0xF0, 0xF1, 0xF2, 0xF3, 0xF4, 0xF5, 0xF6, 0xF7, 0xF8, 0xF9, 0x7A, 0x5E, 0x4C, 0x7E, 0x6E, 0x6F,
    0x7C, 0xC1, 0xC2, 0xC3, 0xC4, 0xC5, 0xC6, 0xC7, 0xC8, 0xC9, 0xD1, 0xD2, 0xD3, 0xD4, 0xD5, 0xD6,
    0xD7, 0xD8, 0xD9, 0xE2, 0xE3, 0xE4, 0xE5, 0xE6, 0xE7, 0xE8, 0xE9, 0xBA, 0xE0, 0xBB, 0xB0, 0x6D,
    0x79, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x85, 0x86, 0x87, 0x88, 0x89, 0x91, 0x92, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96,
    0x97, 0x98, 0x99, 0xA2, 0xA3, 0xA4, 0xA5, 0xA6, 0xA7, 0xA8, 0xA9, 0xC0, 0x4F, 0xD0, 0xA1, 0x07,
    0x9F, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x15, 0x06, 0x17, 0x28, 0x29, 0x2A, 0x2B, 0x2C, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x1B,
    0x30, 0x31, 0x1A, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x08, 0x38, 0x39, 0x3A, 0x3B, 0x04, 0x14, 0x3E, 0xFF,
    0x41, 0xAA, 0x4A, 0xB1, 0x20, 0xB2, 0x6A, 0xB5, 0xBD, 0xB4, 0x9A, 0x8A, 0x5F, 0xCA, 0xAF, 0xBC,
    0x90, 0x8F, 0xEA, 0xFA, 0xBE, 0xA0, 0xB6, 0xB3, 0x9D, 0xDA, 0x9B, 0x8B, 0xB7, 0xB8, 0xB9, 0xAB,
    0x64, 0x65, 0x62, 0x66, 0x63, 0x67, 0x9E, 0x68, 0x74, 0x71, 0x72, 0x73, 0x78, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77,
    0xAC, 0x69, 0xED, 0xEE, 0xEB, 0xEF, 0xEC, 0xBF, 0x80, 0xFD, 0xFE, 0xFB, 0xFC, 0xAD, 0xAE, 0x59,
    0x44, 0x45, 0x42, 0x46, 0x43, 0x47, 0x9C, 0x48, 0x54, 0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x58, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57,
    0x8C, 0x49, 0xCD, 0xCE, 0xCB, 0xCF, 0xCC, 0xE1, 0x70, 0xDD, 0xDE, 0xDB, 0xDC, 0x8D, 0x8E, /*0xDF*/ 0xFF,
    };

// This is the EBCDIC collating sequence when the internal character set is CP1252.  It's actually
// a copy of __gg__cp1252_to_cp1140_values, but modified so that 0xFF maps to 0xFF.
// Doing this meant swapping the CP1252 upper-Y-umlaut with lower-Y-umlaut.
const unsigned short
__gg__cp1252_to_ebcdic_collation[256] =
    {
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x37, 0x2d, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0x16, 0x05, 0x25, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x3c, 0x3d, 0x32, 0x26, 0x18, 0x19, 0x3f, 0x27, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
    0x40, 0x5a, 0x7f, 0x7b, 0x5b, 0x6c, 0x50, 0x7d, 0x4d, 0x5d, 0x5c, 0x4e, 0x6b, 0x60, 0x4b, 0x61,
    0xf0, 0xf1, 0xf2, 0xf3, 0xf4, 0xf5, 0xf6, 0xf7, 0xf8, 0xf9, 0x7a, 0x5e, 0x4c, 0x7e, 0x6e, 0x6f,
    0x7c, 0xc1, 0xc2, 0xc3, 0xc4, 0xc5, 0xc6, 0xc7, 0xc8, 0xc9, 0xd1, 0xd2, 0xd3, 0xd4, 0xd5, 0xd6,
    0xd7, 0xd8, 0xd9, 0xe2, 0xe3, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xe6, 0xe7, 0xe8, 0xe9, 0xba, 0xe0, 0xbb, 0xb0, 0x6d,
    0x79, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x85, 0x86, 0x87, 0x88, 0x89, 0x91, 0x92, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96,
    0x97, 0x98, 0x99, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa5, 0xa6, 0xa7, 0xa8, 0xa9, 0xc0, 0x4f, 0xd0, 0xa1, 0x07,
    0x9f, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x15, 0x06, 0x17, 0x28, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0x2c, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x1b,
    0x30, 0x31, 0x1a, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x08, 0x38, 0x39, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x04, 0x14, 0x3e, 0xdf,
    0x41, 0xaa, 0x4a, 0xb1, 0x20, 0xb2, 0x6a, 0xb5, 0xbd, 0xb4, 0x9a, 0x8a, 0x5f, 0xca, 0xaf, 0xbc,
    0x90, 0x8f, 0xea, 0xfa, 0xbe, 0xa0, 0xb6, 0xb3, 0x9d, 0xda, 0x9b, 0x8b, 0xb7, 0xb8, 0xb9, 0xab,
    0x64, 0x65, 0x62, 0x66, 0x63, 0x67, 0x9e, 0x68, 0x74, 0x71, 0x72, 0x73, 0x78, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77,
    0xac, 0x69, 0xed, 0xee, 0xeb, 0xef, 0xec, 0xbf, 0x80, 0xfd, 0xfe, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0xad, 0xae, 0x59,
    0x44, 0x45, 0x42, 0x46, 0x43, 0x47, 0x9c, 0x48, 0x54, 0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x58, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57,
    0x8c, 0x49, 0xcd, 0xce, 0xcb, 0xcf, 0xcc, 0xe1, 0x70, 0xdd, 0xde, 0xdb, 0xdc, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0xff,
    };

// When using the EBCDIC internal character set, but if told to use the ASCII collating sequence,
// this table can be used.  It's based on the __gg__cp1140_to_cp1252_values, but with the two
// characters at locations DF and FF swapped so that the HIGH-VALUE 0xFF maps to 0xFF.
const unsigned short
__gg__ebcdic_to_cp1252_collation[256] =
    {
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x9C, 0x09, 0x86, 0x7F, 0x97, 0x8D, 0x8E, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x9D, 0x85, 0x08, 0x87, 0x18, 0x19, 0x92, 0x8F, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F,
    0xA4, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83, 0x84, 0x0A, 0x17, 0x1B, 0x88, 0x89, 0x8A, 0x8B, 0x8C, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x90, 0x91, 0x16, 0x93, 0x94, 0x95, 0x96, 0x04, 0x98, 0x99, 0x9A, 0x9B, 0x14, 0x15, 0x9E, 0x1A,
    0x20, 0xA0, 0xE2, 0xE4, 0xE0, 0xE1, 0xE3, 0xE5, 0xE7, 0xF1, 0xA2, 0x2E, 0x3C, 0x28, 0x2B, 0x7C,
    0x26, 0xE9, 0xEA, 0xEB, 0xE8, 0xED, 0xEE, 0xEF, 0xEC, 0xDF, 0x21, 0x24, 0x2A, 0x29, 0x3B, 0xAC,
    0x2D, 0x2F, 0xC2, 0xC4, 0xC0, 0xC1, 0xC3, 0xC5, 0xC7, 0xD1, 0xA6, 0x2C, 0x25, 0x5F, 0x3E, 0x3F,
    0xF8, 0xC9, 0xCA, 0xCB, 0xC8, 0xCD, 0xCE, 0xCF, 0xCC, 0x60, 0x3A, 0x23, 0x40, 0x27, 0x3D, 0x22,
    0xD8, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66, 0x67, 0x68, 0x69, 0xAB, 0xBB, 0xF0, 0xFD, 0xFE, 0xB1,
    0xB0, 0x6A, 0x6B, 0x6C, 0x6D, 0x6E, 0x6F, 0x70, 0x71, 0x72, 0xAA, 0xBA, 0xE6, 0xB8, 0xC6, 0x80,
    0xB5, 0x7E, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77, 0x78, 0x79, 0x7A, 0xA1, 0xBF, 0xD0, 0xDD, 0xDE, 0xAE,
    0x5E, 0xA3, 0xA5, 0xB7, 0xA9, 0xA7, 0xB6, 0xBC, 0xBD, 0xBE, 0x5B, 0x5D, 0xAF, 0xA8, 0xB4, 0xD7,
    0x7B, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47, 0x48, 0x49, 0xAD, 0xF4, 0xF6, 0xF2, 0xF3, 0xF5,
    0x7D, 0x4A, 0x4B, 0x4C, 0x4D, 0x4E, 0x4F, 0x50, 0x51, 0x52, 0xB9, 0xFB, 0xFC, 0xF9, 0xFA, 0xDF,
    0x5C, 0xF7, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57, 0x58, 0x59, 0x5A, 0xB2, 0xD4, 0xD6, 0xD2, 0xD3, 0xD5,
    0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0xB3, 0xDB, 0xDC, 0xD9, 0xDA, 0xFF,
    };

// This table is used for converting code page 1252 to the subset of UTF-8 that
// that contains CP1252

static const unsigned short
cp1252_to_utf8_values[256] =
    {
    0x0000, 0x0001, 0x0002, 0x0003, 0x0004, 0x0005, 0x0006, 0x0007, 0x0008, 0x0009, 0x000a, 0x000b, 0x000c, 0x000d, 0x000e, 0x000f, // 00
    0x0010, 0x0011, 0x0012, 0x0013, 0x0014, 0x0015, 0x0016, 0x0017, 0x0018, 0x0019, 0x001a, 0x001b, 0x001c, 0x001d, 0x001e, 0x001f, // 10
    0x0020, 0x0021, 0x0022, 0x0023, 0x0024, 0x0025, 0x0026, 0x0027, 0x0028, 0x0029, 0x002a, 0x002b, 0x002c, 0x002d, 0x002e, 0x002f, // 20
    0x0030, 0x0031, 0x0032, 0x0033, 0x0034, 0x0035, 0x0036, 0x0037, 0x0038, 0x0039, 0x003a, 0x003b, 0x003c, 0x003d, 0x003e, 0x003f, // 30
    0x0040, 0x0041, 0x0042, 0x0043, 0x0044, 0x0045, 0x0046, 0x0047, 0x0048, 0x0049, 0x004a, 0x004b, 0x004c, 0x004d, 0x004e, 0x004f, // 40
    0x0050, 0x0051, 0x0052, 0x0053, 0x0054, 0x0055, 0x0056, 0x0057, 0x0058, 0x0059, 0x005a, 0x005b, 0x005c, 0x005d, 0x005e, 0x005f, // 50
    0x0060, 0x0061, 0x0062, 0x0063, 0x0064, 0x0065, 0x0066, 0x0067, 0x0068, 0x0069, 0x006a, 0x006b, 0x006c, 0x006d, 0x006e, 0x006f, // 60
    0x0070, 0x0071, 0x0072, 0x0073, 0x0074, 0x0075, 0x0076, 0x0077, 0x0078, 0x0079, 0x007a, 0x007b, 0x007c, 0x007d, 0x007e, 0x007f, // 70
    0x20ac, 0x0081, 0x201a, 0x0192, 0x201e, 0x2026, 0x2020, 0x2021, 0x02c6, 0x2030, 0x0160, 0x2039, 0x0152, 0x008d, 0x017d, 0x008f, // 80
    0x0090, 0x2018, 0x2019, 0x201c, 0x201d, 0x2022, 0x2013, 0x2014, 0x02dc, 0x2122, 0x0161, 0x203a, 0x0153, 0x009d, 0x017e, 0x0178, // 90
    0x00a0, 0x00a1, 0x00a2, 0x00a3, 0x00a4, 0x00a5, 0x00a6, 0x00a7, 0x00a8, 0x00a9, 0x00aa, 0x00ab, 0x00ac, 0x00ad, 0x00ae, 0x00af, // A0
    0x00b0, 0x00b1, 0x00b2, 0x00b3, 0x00b4, 0x00b5, 0x00b6, 0x00b7, 0x00b8, 0x00b9, 0x00ba, 0x00bb, 0x00bc, 0x00bd, 0x00be, 0x00bf, // B0
    0x00c0, 0x00c1, 0x00c2, 0x00c3, 0x00c4, 0x00c5, 0x00c6, 0x00c7, 0x00c8, 0x00c9, 0x00ca, 0x00cb, 0x00cc, 0x00cd, 0x00ce, 0x00cf, // C0
    0x00d0, 0x00d1, 0x00d2, 0x00d3, 0x00d4, 0x00d5, 0x00d6, 0x00d7, 0x00d8, 0x00d9, 0x00da, 0x00db, 0x00dc, 0x00dd, 0x00de, 0x00df, // D0
    0x00e0, 0x00e1, 0x00e2, 0x00e3, 0x00e4, 0x00e5, 0x00e6, 0x00e7, 0x00e8, 0x00e9, 0x00ea, 0x00eb, 0x00ec, 0x00ed, 0x00ee, 0x00ef, // E0
    0x00f0, 0x00f1, 0x00f2, 0x00f3, 0x00f4, 0x00f5, 0x00f6, 0x00f7, 0x00f8, 0x00f9, 0x00fa, 0x00fb, 0x00fc, 0x00fd, 0x00fe, 0x00ff, // F0
    };

// This map table does the reverse UTF-8 conversion back to cp1252
static const std::unordered_map<unsigned short, unsigned char>utf8_to_cp1252_values =
    {
    {0x0000, 0x00}, {0x0001, 0x01}, {0x0002, 0x02}, {0x0003, 0x03}, {0x0004, 0x04}, {0x0005, 0x05}, {0x0006, 0x06}, {0x0007, 0x07},
    {0x0008, 0x08}, {0x0009, 0x09}, {0x000a, 0x0a}, {0x000b, 0x0b}, {0x000c, 0x0c}, {0x000d, 0x0d}, {0x000e, 0x0e}, {0x000f, 0x0f},
    {0x0010, 0x10}, {0x0011, 0x11}, {0x0012, 0x12}, {0x0013, 0x13}, {0x0014, 0x14}, {0x0015, 0x15}, {0x0016, 0x16}, {0x0017, 0x17},
    {0x0018, 0x18}, {0x0019, 0x19}, {0x001a, 0x1a}, {0x001b, 0x1b}, {0x001c, 0x1c}, {0x001d, 0x1d}, {0x001e, 0x1e}, {0x001f, 0x1f},
    {0x0020, 0x20}, {0x0021, 0x21}, {0x0022, 0x22}, {0x0023, 0x23}, {0x0024, 0x24}, {0x0025, 0x25}, {0x0026, 0x26}, {0x0027, 0x27},
    {0x0028, 0x28}, {0x0029, 0x29}, {0x002a, 0x2a}, {0x002b, 0x2b}, {0x002c, 0x2c}, {0x002d, 0x2d}, {0x002e, 0x2e}, {0x002f, 0x2f},
    {0x0030, 0x30}, {0x0031, 0x31}, {0x0032, 0x32}, {0x0033, 0x33}, {0x0034, 0x34}, {0x0035, 0x35}, {0x0036, 0x36}, {0x0037, 0x37},
    {0x0038, 0x38}, {0x0039, 0x39}, {0x003a, 0x3a}, {0x003b, 0x3b}, {0x003c, 0x3c}, {0x003d, 0x3d}, {0x003e, 0x3e}, {0x003f, 0x3f},
    {0x0040, 0x40}, {0x0041, 0x41}, {0x0042, 0x42}, {0x0043, 0x43}, {0x0044, 0x44}, {0x0045, 0x45}, {0x0046, 0x46}, {0x0047, 0x47},
    {0x0048, 0x48}, {0x0049, 0x49}, {0x004a, 0x4a}, {0x004b, 0x4b}, {0x004c, 0x4c}, {0x004d, 0x4d}, {0x004e, 0x4e}, {0x004f, 0x4f},
    {0x0050, 0x50}, {0x0051, 0x51}, {0x0052, 0x52}, {0x0053, 0x53}, {0x0054, 0x54}, {0x0055, 0x55}, {0x0056, 0x56}, {0x0057, 0x57},
    {0x0058, 0x58}, {0x0059, 0x59}, {0x005a, 0x5a}, {0x005b, 0x5b}, {0x005c, 0x5c}, {0x005d, 0x5d}, {0x005e, 0x5e}, {0x005f, 0x5f},
    {0x0060, 0x60}, {0x0061, 0x61}, {0x0062, 0x62}, {0x0063, 0x63}, {0x0064, 0x64}, {0x0065, 0x65}, {0x0066, 0x66}, {0x0067, 0x67},
    {0x0068, 0x68}, {0x0069, 0x69}, {0x006a, 0x6a}, {0x006b, 0x6b}, {0x006c, 0x6c}, {0x006d, 0x6d}, {0x006e, 0x6e}, {0x006f, 0x6f},
    {0x0070, 0x70}, {0x0071, 0x71}, {0x0072, 0x72}, {0x0073, 0x73}, {0x0074, 0x74}, {0x0075, 0x75}, {0x0076, 0x76}, {0x0077, 0x77},
    {0x0078, 0x78}, {0x0079, 0x79}, {0x007a, 0x7a}, {0x007b, 0x7b}, {0x007c, 0x7c}, {0x007d, 0x7d}, {0x007e, 0x7e}, {0x007f, 0x7f},
    {0x20ac, 0x80}, {0x0081, 0x81}, {0x201a, 0x82}, {0x0192, 0x83}, {0x201e, 0x84}, {0x2026, 0x85}, {0x2020, 0x86}, {0x2021, 0x87},
    {0x02c6, 0x88}, {0x2030, 0x89}, {0x0160, 0x8a}, {0x2039, 0x8b}, {0x0152, 0x8c}, {0x008d, 0x8d}, {0x017d, 0x8e}, {0x008f, 0x8f},
    {0x0090, 0x90}, {0x2018, 0x91}, {0x2019, 0x92}, {0x201c, 0x93}, {0x201d, 0x94}, {0x2022, 0x95}, {0x2013, 0x96}, {0x2014, 0x97},
    {0x02dc, 0x98}, {0x2122, 0x99}, {0x0161, 0x9a}, {0x203a, 0x9b}, {0x0153, 0x9c}, {0x009d, 0x9d}, {0x017e, 0x9e}, {0x0178, 0x9f},
    {0x00a0, 0xa0}, {0x00a1, 0xa1}, {0x00a2, 0xa2}, {0x00a3, 0xa3}, {0x00a4, 0xa4}, {0x00a5, 0xa5}, {0x00a6, 0xa6}, {0x00a7, 0xa7},
    {0x00a8, 0xa8}, {0x00a9, 0xa9}, {0x00aa, 0xaa}, {0x00ab, 0xab}, {0x00ac, 0xac}, {0x00ad, 0xad}, {0x00ae, 0xae}, {0x00af, 0xaf},
    {0x00b0, 0xb0}, {0x00b1, 0xb1}, {0x00b2, 0xb2}, {0x00b3, 0xb3}, {0x00b4, 0xb4}, {0x00b5, 0xb5}, {0x00b6, 0xb6}, {0x00b7, 0xb7},
    {0x00b8, 0xb8}, {0x00b9, 0xb9}, {0x00ba, 0xba}, {0x00bb, 0xbb}, {0x00bc, 0xbc}, {0x00bd, 0xbd}, {0x00be, 0xbe}, {0x00bf, 0xbf},
    {0x00c0, 0xc0}, {0x00c1, 0xc1}, {0x00c2, 0xc2}, {0x00c3, 0xc3}, {0x00c4, 0xc4}, {0x00c5, 0xc5}, {0x00c6, 0xc6}, {0x00c7, 0xc7},
    {0x00c8, 0xc8}, {0x00c9, 0xc9}, {0x00ca, 0xca}, {0x00cb, 0xcb}, {0x00cc, 0xcc}, {0x00cd, 0xcd}, {0x00ce, 0xce}, {0x00cf, 0xcf},
    {0x00d0, 0xd0}, {0x00d1, 0xd1}, {0x00d2, 0xd2}, {0x00d3, 0xd3}, {0x00d4, 0xd4}, {0x00d5, 0xd5}, {0x00d6, 0xd6}, {0x00d7, 0xd7},
    {0x00d8, 0xd8}, {0x00d9, 0xd9}, {0x00da, 0xda}, {0x00db, 0xdb}, {0x00dc, 0xdc}, {0x00dd, 0xdd}, {0x00de, 0xde}, {0x00df, 0xdf},
    {0x00e0, 0xe0}, {0x00e1, 0xe1}, {0x00e2, 0xe2}, {0x00e3, 0xe3}, {0x00e4, 0xe4}, {0x00e5, 0xe5}, {0x00e6, 0xe6}, {0x00e7, 0xe7},
    {0x00e8, 0xe8}, {0x00e9, 0xe9}, {0x00ea, 0xea}, {0x00eb, 0xeb}, {0x00ec, 0xec}, {0x00ed, 0xed}, {0x00ee, 0xee}, {0x00ef, 0xef},
    {0x00f0, 0xf0}, {0x00f1, 0xf1}, {0x00f2, 0xf2}, {0x00f3, 0xf3}, {0x00f4, 0xf4}, {0x00f5, 0xf5}, {0x00f6, 0xf6}, {0x00f7, 0xf7},
    {0x00f8, 0xf8}, {0x00f9, 0xf9}, {0x00fa, 0xfa}, {0x00fb, 0xfb}, {0x00fc, 0xfc}, {0x00fd, 0xfd}, {0x00fe, 0xfe}, {0x00ff, 0xff},
    };

// This function extracts the next unicode code point from a stream of UTF-8
// data.

static bool
raw_is_SBC()
  {
  bool retval = false;
  switch(source_codeset)
    {
    case cs_cp1252_e:
      retval = true;
      break;
    default:
      break;
    }
  return retval;
  }


static size_t
extract_next_code_point(const unsigned char *utf8,
                        const size_t /*length_in_bytes*/,
                        size_t &position)
  {
  long retval = -1; // Means a badly formed code point
  unsigned char ch = utf8[position++];
  long under_construction = 0;
  int countdown = 0;

  if( (ch & 0x80) == 0x00 )
    {
    // We are in the ASCII subset of UTF-8, and we are done
    retval = ch;
    goto done;
    }
  else if( (ch & 0xE0) == 0xC0 )
    {
    // There is one byte to follow
    countdown = 1;
    under_construction = ch & 0x1F;
    }
  else if( (ch & 0xF0) == 0xE0 )
    {
    countdown = 2;
    under_construction = ch & 0x0F;
    }
  else if( (ch & 0xF8) == 0xF0 )
    {
    countdown = 3;
    under_construction = ch & 0x07;
    }
  else
    {
    // We have a poorly-constructed UTF-8 encoding
    goto done;
    }
  while( countdown-- )
    {
    ch = utf8[position++];
    // We are in a follow-up encoded byte:
    if( (ch & 0xC0) == 0x80 )
      {
      // The top two bits are 10, so build in the bottom six bits
      under_construction <<= 6;
      under_construction |= (ch & 0x3F);
      }
    else
      {
      // This is a poorly-formed encoding
      goto done;
      }
    }
  retval = under_construction;

  done:
  return retval;
  }

void flipper(void)
    {
    for(int i=0; i<256; i++)
        {
        fprintf(stderr, "{0x%4.4x, 0x%2.2x}, ", cp1252_to_utf8_values[i], i);
        if( (i % 8) == 7 )
            {
            fprintf(stderr, "\n");
            }
        }
    }

extern "C"
char __gg__ascii_to_ascii_chr(char ch)
    {
    return ch;
    }

extern "C"
char __gg__ascii_to_ebcdic_chr(char ch)
    {
    return (char)__gg__cp1252_to_cp1140_values[(ch&0xFF)];
    }

extern "C"
char *
__gg__raw_to_ascii(char **dest, size_t *dest_size, const char *in, size_t length)
  {
  // We are anticipating `length` characters, some of which might be multi-
  // character UTF-8 codepoints.  We are sending back a nul-terminated string
  // of SBC ASCII values.

  __gg__realloc_if_necessary(dest, dest_size, length+1);

  // This is the byte position of the output
  size_t index = 0;

  // This is the byte position of the input
  size_t position = 0;

  while( index < length )
    {
    // In the case of "display "âêîôû", when the source code is encoded in
    // UTF-8, the field->data.capacity is showing up as 10, because that
    // UTF-8 string is ten bytes long, and the parser is not counting
    // characters.  The data.initial field is indeed nul-terminated, so when we
    // hit a nul, we bug out:
    if( in[position] == '\0' )
      {
      // We have hit the end. We want to space-fill to the right:
      while( index < length )
        {
        (*dest)[index++] = internal_space;
        }
      break;
      }

    // Special handling for PIC X VALUE HIGH-VALUE.  If we just hand default
    // 0xFF values to the rest of the routine, the utf-8 detection will give
    // us a result that confuses the remainder of the processing.
    if( (in[position]&0xFF) == 0xFF )
      {
      (*dest)[index++] = in[position++];
      continue;
      }

    if( raw_is_SBC() )
      {
      (*dest)[index++] = in[position++];
      continue;
      }

    size_t code_point;
    // Pull the next code_point from the UTF-8 stream
    long unicode_point = extract_next_code_point((const unsigned char *)in,
                                                 length,
                                                 position );

    // Check for that unicode code point in the subset of characters we
    // know about:
    std::unordered_map<unsigned short, unsigned char>::const_iterator it =
        utf8_to_cp1252_values.find(unicode_point);
    if( it == utf8_to_cp1252_values.end() )
        {
        // That unicode character isn't in our list
        code_point = ASCII_REPLACEMENT;
        }
    else
        {
        code_point = it->second;
        }
    (*dest)[index++] = (char)code_point;
    }
  (*dest)[index++] = '\0';

  return *dest;
  }

extern "C"
char *
__gg__raw_to_ebcdic(char **dest, size_t *dest_size, const char *in, size_t length)
    {
    // A UTF-8 string is at least as long as the single-byte-coded resulting
    // string:
    __gg__realloc_if_necessary(dest, dest_size, length+1);

    size_t index = 0;

    size_t position = 0;
    size_t code_point;
    while( index < length )
        {
        // See comments in __gg__raw_to_ascii
        if( in[position] == '\0' )
          {
          // We have hit the end. We want to space-fill to the right:
          while( index < length )
            {
            (*dest)[index++] = internal_space;
            }
          break;
          }
        if( raw_is_SBC() )
          {
          code_point = in[position++];
          long ebcdic_code_point = __gg__cp1252_to_cp1140_values[code_point&0xFF];
          (*dest)[index++] = ebcdic_code_point;
          continue;
          }
        if( (in[position]&0xff) == 0xff )
          {
          // HIGH-VALUE is a special case
          (*dest)[index++] = in[position++];
          continue;
          }

        // Pull the next code_point from the UTF-8 stream
        long unicode_point = extract_next_code_point(   (const unsigned char *)in,
                                                                length,
                                                                position );
        // Check for that unicode code point in the subset of characters we
        // know about:
        std::unordered_map<unsigned short, unsigned char>::const_iterator it =
            utf8_to_cp1252_values.find(unicode_point);
        if( it == utf8_to_cp1252_values.end() )
            {
            // That unicode character isn't in our list
            code_point = ASCII_REPLACEMENT;
            }
        else
            {
            code_point = it->second;
            }
        // TODO: This could be sped up by creating a utf8_to_cp1140_values map.
        // But sufficient unto the day are the evils thereof
        long ebcdic_code_point = __gg__cp1252_to_cp1140_values[code_point&0xFF];
        (*dest)[index++] = ebcdic_code_point;
        }
    (*dest)[index++] = '\0';

    return *dest;
    }

static
char *
convert_cp1252_to_utf8(char **dest, size_t *dest_size, const char *in, size_t length)
    {
    // Worst case is all unicode characters.
    __gg__realloc_if_necessary(dest, dest_size, 4 * length + 1);

    size_t index = 0;
    for(size_t i=0; i<length; i++)
        {
        unsigned char ch = *in++;
        size_t unicode_point = cp1252_to_utf8_values[ch];
        if( unicode_point < 0x0080 )
            {
            // Single-byte
            (*dest)[index++] = (char)unicode_point;
            }
        else if(unicode_point < 0x0800)
            {
            // Two-byte:
            (*dest)[index++] = 0xC0 + (unicode_point>>6);
            (*dest)[index++] = 0x80 + ((unicode_point>>0) & 0x3F);
            }
        else if(unicode_point < 0x10000)
            {
            // Three-byte:
            (*dest)[index++] = 0xE0 + (unicode_point>>12);
            (*dest)[index++] = 0x80 + ((unicode_point>>6) & 0x3F);
            (*dest)[index++] = 0x80 + ((unicode_point>>0) & 0x3F);
            }
        else
            {
            // Four-byte:
            (*dest)[index++] = 0xF0 + (unicode_point>>18);
            (*dest)[index++] = 0x80 + ((unicode_point>>12) & 0x3F);
            (*dest)[index++] = 0x80 + ((unicode_point>>6)  & 0x3F);
            (*dest)[index++] = 0x80 + ((unicode_point>>0)  & 0x3F);
            }
        }
    (*dest)[index++] = '\0';

    return *dest;
    }

// This is the address of the 256-character map for internal characters
// It'll be set to one-to-one for ASCII, and to cp1252-to-cp1140_values for
// EBCDIC.
unsigned short const *__gg__internal_codeset_map;

// Here is the list of function pointers establish which ones of the paired
// possibilities of conversion routines are actually in use.

char  (*__gg__ascii_to_internal_chr)(char);
void  (*__gg__ascii_to_internal_str)(char *str, size_t length);
char *(*__gg__raw_to_internal)(char **dest, size_t *dest_size, const char *in, const size_t length);
char *(*__gg__internal_to_console_cm)(char **dest, size_t *dest_size, const char *in, size_t length);
void  (*__gg__console_to_internal_cm)(char * const str, size_t length);
void  (*__gg__internal_to_ascii)(char *str, size_t length);

extern "C"
void __gg__set_internal_codeset(int use_ebcdic)
    {
    __gg__ebcdic_codeset_in_use = !!use_ebcdic;
    }

extern "C"
void __gg__text_conversion_override(text_device_t device,
                                    text_codeset_t codeset)
    {
    // Establish the default sourcecode and console codesets, and
    // establish the codeset conversion routines:

    if( internal_is_ebcdic )
        {
//        fprintf(stderr, "Setting up EBCDIC\n");
        __gg__internal_codeset_map   =  __gg__cp1252_to_cp1140_values;
        __gg__ascii_to_internal_chr  = &__gg__ascii_to_ebcdic_chr;
        __gg__ascii_to_internal_str  = &__gg__ascii_to_ebcdic;
        __gg__raw_to_internal        = &__gg__raw_to_ebcdic;
        __gg__internal_to_console_cm = &__gg__ebcdic_to_console;
        __gg__console_to_internal_cm = &__gg__console_to_ebcdic;
        __gg__internal_to_ascii      = &__gg__ebcdic_to_ascii;
        }
    else
        {
//        fprintf(stderr, "Setting up ASCII\n");
        __gg__internal_codeset_map   =  __gg__one_to_one_values;
        __gg__ascii_to_internal_chr  = &__gg__ascii_to_ascii_chr;
        __gg__ascii_to_internal_str  = &__gg__ascii_to_ascii;
        __gg__raw_to_internal        = &__gg__raw_to_ascii;
        __gg__internal_to_console_cm = &__gg__ascii_to_console;
        __gg__console_to_internal_cm = &__gg__console_to_ascii;
        __gg__internal_to_ascii      = &__gg__ascii_to_ascii;
        }

    switch(device)
        {
        case td_default_e:
          {
          // We are setting our codesets to the defaults

          // First, sort out the console:

          // It is my understanding that the environment variable LANG is
          // supposed to be set by the terminal to indicate the terminal's
          // current character set.  Let's use that as the winner, even if
          // that's not quite the way locale(3) works.
          const char *envLANG = getenv("LANG");
          if( !envLANG )
            {
            // This is odd.  No "LANG"?
            envLANG = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, NULL);
            }
          if( !envLANG )
            {
            // This is even more odd. Pick something as a backup to the backup
            envLANG = "UTF-8";
            }
          if( envLANG )
            {
            if( strcasestr(envLANG, "UTF-8") )
              {
              console_codeset = cs_utf8_e;
              }
            else
              {
              // If it isn't UTF-8, then figure on it being CP1252 as a
              // convenient way of specifying an SBC codeset.
              console_codeset  = cs_cp1252_e;
              }
            }
          break;
          }

        case td_sourcecode_e:
            // Explicitly set the source code codeset:
            source_codeset = codeset;
            break;

        case td_console_e:
            // Explicitly set the console codeset:
            console_codeset = codeset;
            break;
        }
    }

extern "C"
void
__gg__ascii_to_ascii(char *, size_t )
    {
    return;
    }

extern "C"
void
__gg__ascii_to_ebcdic(char *str, size_t length)
    {
    for(size_t i=0; i<length; i++)
        {
        str[i] = __gg__cp1252_to_cp1140_values[str[i]&0xFF];
        }
    }

extern "C"
void
__gg__ebcdic_to_ascii(char * const str, size_t length)
    {
    for(size_t i=0; i<length; i++)
        {
        str[i] = __gg__cp1140_to_cp1252_values[str[i]&0xFF];
        }
    }

extern "C"
char *__gg__ascii_to_console( char **dest,
                              size_t *dest_size,
                              char const * const str,
                              const size_t length)
    {
    if( console_codeset == cs_utf8_e )
        {
        __gg__realloc_if_necessary(dest, dest_size, length);
        convert_cp1252_to_utf8(dest, dest_size, str, length);
        }
    else
        {
        __gg__realloc_if_necessary(dest, dest_size, length+1);
        memcpy(*dest, str, length);
        (*dest)[length] = '\0';
        }
    return *dest;
    }

extern "C"
char *__gg__ebcdic_to_console(char **dest,
                              size_t *dest_size,
                              char const * const str,
                              const size_t length)
    {
    static size_t ebcdic_size = MINIMUM_ALLOCATION_SIZE;
    static char *ebcdic = (char *)malloc(ebcdic_size);
    __gg__realloc_if_necessary(&ebcdic, &ebcdic_size, length);

    memcpy(ebcdic, str, length);
    __gg__ebcdic_to_ascii(ebcdic, length);

    if( console_codeset == cs_utf8_e )
        {
        convert_cp1252_to_utf8(dest, dest_size, ebcdic, length);
        }
    else
        {
        __gg__realloc_if_necessary(dest, dest_size, length+1);
        strcpy(*dest, ebcdic);
        }
    return *dest;
    }

extern "C"
void __gg__console_to_ascii(char * const str, size_t length)
    {
    // In-place conversion of ASCII data that might be UTF-8 to CP1252
    if( console_codeset == cs_cp1252_e )
        {
        // It's already what we want it to be
        return;
        }
    char *dest = str;

    size_t position = 0;
    while( position < length )
        {
        size_t code_point;
        // Pull the next code_point from the UTF-8 stream
        long unicode_point
            = extract_next_code_point(    (const unsigned char *)str,
                                                length,
                                                position );
        if( unicode_point == -1 )
            {
            // The UTF-8 stream was poorly formed.
            code_point = ASCII_REPLACEMENT;
            }
        else
            {
            // Check for that unicode code point in the subset of characters we
            // know about:
            std::unordered_map<unsigned short, unsigned char>::const_iterator it
                = utf8_to_cp1252_values.find(unicode_point);
            if( it == utf8_to_cp1252_values.end() )
                {
                // That unicode character isn't in our list
                code_point = ASCII_REPLACEMENT;
                }
            else
                {
                code_point = it->second;
                }
            }
        *dest++ = (char)code_point;
        }
    *dest++ = '\0';
    }

extern "C"
void
__gg__console_to_ebcdic(char * const str, size_t length)
    {
    char *dest = str;

    size_t position = 0;
    while( position < length )
        {
        size_t code_point;
        // Pull the next code_point from the UTF-8 stream
        long unicode_point
            = extract_next_code_point(    (const unsigned char *)str,
                                                length,
                                                position );
        if( unicode_point == -1 )
            {
            // The UTF-8 stream was poorly formed.
            code_point = ASCII_REPLACEMENT;
            }
        else
            {
            // Check for that unicode code point in the subset of characters we
            // know about:
            std::unordered_map<unsigned short, unsigned char>::const_iterator it
                = utf8_to_cp1252_values.find(unicode_point);
            if( it == utf8_to_cp1252_values.end() )
                {
                // That unicode character isn't in our list
                code_point = ASCII_REPLACEMENT;
                }
            else
                {
                code_point = it->second;
                }
            }
        *dest++ = __gg__cp1252_to_cp1140_values[code_point&0xFF]   ;
        }
    *dest++ = '\0';
    }

extern "C"
size_t
_to_ctype(char * const location, size_t length)
  {
  // Converts from our internal codeset to the system LC_TYPE codeset
  const char *fromcode;
  const char *tocode;
  if( __gg__ebcdic_codeset_in_use )
    {
    fromcode = "CP1140";
    }
  else
    {
    fromcode = "CP1252";
    }
  const char *ctype = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");

  if( strcasestr(ctype, "UTF") )
    {
    tocode = "UTF-8";
    }
  else
    {
    tocode = "CP1252";
    }

  iconv_t cd = iconv_open(tocode, fromcode);
  assert( cd != (iconv_t)-1 );

  static char  *dest      = NULL;
  static size_t dest_size = 0;

  // create a buffer long enough that iconv() won't fail:
  __gg__realloc_if_necessary(&dest, &dest_size, 4*length+1);

  // Set up for the iconv() call:
  char  *inbuf        = location;
  size_t inbytesleft  = length;
  char  *outbuf       = dest;
  size_t outbytesleft = 2*length+1;

  memset(dest, ' ',  2*length+1);
  iconv(cd, &inbuf, &inbytesleft, &outbuf, &outbytesleft);
  memcpy(location, dest, length);
  return 0;
  }

extern "C"
size_t
_from_ctype(char * const location, size_t length)
  {
  // Converts from our internal codeset to the system LC_TYPE codeset
  const char *fromcode;
  const char *tocode;
  if( __gg__ebcdic_codeset_in_use )
    {
    tocode = "CP1140";
    }
  else
    {
    tocode = "CP1252";
    }
  const char *ctype = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");

  if( strcasestr(ctype, "UTF") )
    {
    fromcode = "UTF-8";
    }
  else
    {
    fromcode = "CP1252";
    }

  iconv_t cd = iconv_open(tocode, fromcode);
  assert( cd != (iconv_t)-1 );

  static char  *dest      = NULL;
  static size_t dest_size = 0;

  // create a buffer long enough that iconv() won't fail:
  __gg__realloc_if_necessary(&dest, &dest_size, length+1);

  // Set up for the iconv() call:
  char  *inbuf        = location;
  size_t inbytesleft  = length;
  char  *outbuf       = dest;
  size_t outbytesleft = length+1;

  memset(dest, internal_space, length+1);
  ///size_t iret =
  iconv(cd, &inbuf, &inbytesleft, &outbuf, &outbytesleft);
  memcpy(location, dest, length);
  return 0;
  }