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Node.js v4.8.1 Documentation
Table of Contents
- Crypto
- Class: Certificate
- Class: Cipher
- Class: Decipher
- Class: DiffieHellman
- diffieHellman.computeSecret(other_public_key[, input_encoding][, output_encoding])
- diffieHellman.generateKeys([encoding])
- diffieHellman.getGenerator([encoding])
- diffieHellman.getPrime([encoding])
- diffieHellman.getPrivateKey([encoding])
- diffieHellman.getPublicKey([encoding])
- diffieHellman.setPrivateKey(private_key[, encoding])
- diffieHellman.setPublicKey(public_key[, encoding])
- diffieHellman.verifyError
- Class: ECDH
- Class: Hash
- Class: Hmac
- Class: Sign
- Class: Verify
crypto
module methods and properties- crypto.DEFAULT_ENCODING
- crypto.createCipher(algorithm, password)
- crypto.createCipheriv(algorithm, key, iv)
- crypto.createCredentials(details)
- crypto.createDecipher(algorithm, password)
- crypto.createDecipheriv(algorithm, key, iv)
- crypto.createDiffieHellman(prime[, prime_encoding][, generator][, generator_encoding])
- crypto.createDiffieHellman(prime_length[, generator])
- crypto.createECDH(curve_name)
- crypto.createHash(algorithm)
- crypto.createHmac(algorithm, key)
- crypto.createSign(algorithm)
- crypto.createVerify(algorithm)
- crypto.getCiphers()
- crypto.getCurves()
- crypto.getDiffieHellman(group_name)
- crypto.getHashes()
- crypto.pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations, keylen[, digest], callback)
- crypto.pbkdf2Sync(password, salt, iterations, keylen[, digest])
- crypto.privateDecrypt(private_key, buffer)
- crypto.privateEncrypt(private_key, buffer)
- crypto.publicDecrypt(public_key, buffer)
- crypto.publicEncrypt(public_key, buffer)
- crypto.randomBytes(size[, callback])
- crypto.setEngine(engine[, flags])
- Notes
Crypto#
Stability: 2 - Stable
The crypto
module provides cryptographic functionality that includes a set of
wrappers for OpenSSL's hash, HMAC, cipher, decipher, sign and verify functions.
Use require('crypto')
to access this module.
const crypto = require('crypto');
const secret = 'abcdefg';
const hash = crypto.createHmac('sha256', secret)
.update('I love cupcakes')
.digest('hex');
console.log(hash);
// Prints:
// c0fa1bc00531bd78ef38c628449c5102aeabd49b5dc3a2a516ea6ea959d6658e
Class: Certificate#
SPKAC is a Certificate Signing Request mechanism originally implemented by
Netscape and now specified formally as part of HTML5's keygen
element.
The crypto
module provides the Certificate
class for working with SPKAC
data. The most common usage is handling output generated by the HTML5
<keygen>
element. Node.js uses OpenSSL's SPKAC implementation internally.
new crypto.Certificate()#
Instances of the Certificate
class can be created using the new
keyword
or by calling crypto.Certificate()
as a function:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const cert1 = new crypto.Certificate();
const cert2 = crypto.Certificate();
certificate.exportChallenge(spkac)#
The spkac
data structure includes a public key and a challenge. The
certificate.exportChallenge()
returns the challenge component in the
form of a Node.js Buffer
. The spkac
argument can be either a string
or a Buffer
.
const cert = require('crypto').Certificate();
const spkac = getSpkacSomehow();
const challenge = cert.exportChallenge(spkac);
console.log(challenge.toString('utf8'));
// Prints the challenge as a UTF8 string
certificate.exportPublicKey(spkac)#
The spkac
data structure includes a public key and a challenge. The
certificate.exportPublicKey()
returns the public key component in the
form of a Node.js Buffer
. The spkac
argument can be either a string
or a Buffer
.
const cert = require('crypto').Certificate();
const spkac = getSpkacSomehow();
const publicKey = cert.exportPublicKey(spkac);
console.log(publicKey);
// Prints the public key as <Buffer ...>
certificate.verifySpkac(spkac)#
Returns true
if the given spkac
data structure is valid, false
otherwise.
The spkac
argument must be a Node.js Buffer
.
const cert = require('crypto').Certificate();
const spkac = getSpkacSomehow();
console.log(cert.verifySpkac(new Buffer(spkac)));
// Prints true or false
Class: Cipher#
Instances of the Cipher
class are used to encrypt data. The class can be
used in one of two ways:
- As a stream that is both readable and writable, where plain unencrypted data is written to produce encrypted data on the readable side, or
- Using the
cipher.update()
andcipher.final()
methods to produce the encrypted data.
The crypto.createCipher()
or crypto.createCipheriv()
methods are
used to create Cipher
instances. Cipher
objects are not to be created
directly using the new
keyword.
Example: Using Cipher
objects as streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const cipher = crypto.createCipher('aes192', 'a password');
var encrypted = '';
cipher.on('readable', () => {
var data = cipher.read();
if (data)
encrypted += data.toString('hex');
});
cipher.on('end', () => {
console.log(encrypted);
// Prints: ca981be48e90867604588e75d04feabb63cc007a8f8ad89b10616ed84d815504
});
cipher.write('some clear text data');
cipher.end();
Example: Using Cipher
and piped streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const fs = require('fs');
const cipher = crypto.createCipher('aes192', 'a password');
const input = fs.createReadStream('test.js');
const output = fs.createWriteStream('test.enc');
input.pipe(cipher).pipe(output);
Example: Using the cipher.update()
and cipher.final()
methods:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const cipher = crypto.createCipher('aes192', 'a password');
var encrypted = cipher.update('some clear text data', 'utf8', 'hex');
encrypted += cipher.final('hex');
console.log(encrypted);
// Prints: ca981be48e90867604588e75d04feabb63cc007a8f8ad89b10616ed84d815504
cipher.final([output_encoding])#
Returns any remaining enciphered contents. If output_encoding
parameter is one of 'binary'
, 'base64'
or 'hex'
, a string is returned.
If an output_encoding
is not provided, a Buffer
is returned.
Once the cipher.final()
method has been called, the Cipher
object can no
longer be used to encrypt data. Attempts to call cipher.final()
more than
once will result in an error being thrown.
cipher.setAAD(buffer)#
When using an authenticated encryption mode (only GCM
is currently
supported), the cipher.setAAD()
method sets the value used for the
additional authenticated data (AAD) input parameter.
cipher.getAuthTag()#
When using an authenticated encryption mode (only GCM
is currently
supported), the cipher.getAuthTag()
method returns a Buffer
containing
the authentication tag that has been computed from the given data.
The cipher.getAuthTag()
method should only be called after encryption has
been completed using the cipher.final()
method.
cipher.setAutoPadding(auto_padding=true)#
When using block encryption algorithms, the Cipher
class will automatically
add padding to the input data to the appropriate block size. To disable the
default padding call cipher.setAutoPadding(false)
.
When auto_padding
is false
, the length of the entire input data must be a
multiple of the cipher's block size or cipher.final()
will throw an Error.
Disabling automatic padding is useful for non-standard padding, for instance
using 0x0
instead of PKCS padding.
The cipher.setAutoPadding()
method must be called before cipher.final()
.
cipher.update(data[, input_encoding][, output_encoding])#
Updates the cipher with data
. If the input_encoding
argument is given,
it's value must be one of 'utf8'
, 'ascii'
, or 'binary'
and the data
argument is a string using the specified encoding. If the input_encoding
argument is not given, data
must be a Buffer
. If data
is a
Buffer
then input_encoding
is ignored.
The output_encoding
specifies the output format of the enciphered
data, and can be 'binary'
, 'base64'
or 'hex'
. If the output_encoding
is specified, a string using the specified encoding is returned. If no
output_encoding
is provided, a Buffer
is returned.
The cipher.update()
method can be called multiple times with new data until
cipher.final()
is called. Calling cipher.update()
after
cipher.final()
will result in an error being thrown.
Class: Decipher#
Instances of the Decipher
class are used to decrypt data. The class can be
used in one of two ways:
- As a stream that is both readable and writable, where plain encrypted data is written to produce unencrypted data on the readable side, or
- Using the
decipher.update()
anddecipher.final()
methods to produce the unencrypted data.
The crypto.createDecipher()
or crypto.createDecipheriv()
methods are
used to create Decipher
instances. Decipher
objects are not to be created
directly using the new
keyword.
Example: Using Decipher
objects as streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const decipher = crypto.createDecipher('aes192', 'a password');
var decrypted = '';
decipher.on('readable', () => {
var data = decipher.read();
if (data)
decrypted += data.toString('utf8');
});
decipher.on('end', () => {
console.log(decrypted);
// Prints: some clear text data
});
var encrypted = 'ca981be48e90867604588e75d04feabb63cc007a8f8ad89b10616ed84d815504';
decipher.write(encrypted, 'hex');
decipher.end();
Example: Using Decipher
and piped streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const fs = require('fs');
const decipher = crypto.createDecipher('aes192', 'a password');
const input = fs.createReadStream('test.enc');
const output = fs.createWriteStream('test.js');
input.pipe(decipher).pipe(output);
Example: Using the decipher.update()
and decipher.final()
methods:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const decipher = crypto.createDecipher('aes192', 'a password');
var encrypted = 'ca981be48e90867604588e75d04feabb63cc007a8f8ad89b10616ed84d815504';
var decrypted = decipher.update(encrypted, 'hex', 'utf8');
decrypted += decipher.final('utf8');
console.log(decrypted);
// Prints: some clear text data
decipher.final([output_encoding])#
Returns any remaining deciphered contents. If output_encoding
parameter is one of 'binary'
, 'base64'
or 'hex'
, a string is returned.
If an output_encoding
is not provided, a Buffer
is returned.
Once the decipher.final()
method has been called, the Decipher
object can
no longer be used to decrypt data. Attempts to call decipher.final()
more
than once will result in an error being thrown.
decipher.setAAD(buffer)#
When using an authenticated encryption mode (only GCM
is currently
supported), the decipher.setAAD()
method sets the value used for the
additional authenticated data (AAD) input parameter.
decipher.setAuthTag(buffer)#
When using an authenticated encryption mode (only GCM
is currently
supported), the decipher.setAuthTag()
method is used to pass in the
received authentication tag. If no tag is provided, or if the cipher text
has been tampered with, decipher.final()
with throw, indicating that the
cipher text should be discarded due to failed authentication.
decipher.setAutoPadding(auto_padding=true)#
When data has been encrypted without standard block padding, calling
decipher.setAutoPadding(false)
will disable automatic padding to prevent
decipher.final()
from checking for and removing padding.
Turning auto padding off will only work if the input data's length is a multiple of the ciphers block size.
The decipher.setAutoPadding()
method must be called before
decipher.update()
.
decipher.update(data[, input_encoding][, output_encoding])#
Updates the decipher with data
. If the input_encoding
argument is given,
it's value must be one of 'binary'
, 'base64'
, or 'hex'
and the data
argument is a string using the specified encoding. If the input_encoding
argument is not given, data
must be a Buffer
. If data
is a
Buffer
then input_encoding
is ignored.
The output_encoding
specifies the output format of the enciphered
data, and can be 'binary'
, 'ascii'
or 'utf8'
. If the output_encoding
is specified, a string using the specified encoding is returned. If no
output_encoding
is provided, a Buffer
is returned.
The decipher.update()
method can be called multiple times with new data until
decipher.final()
is called. Calling decipher.update()
after
decipher.final()
will result in an error being thrown.
Class: DiffieHellman#
The DiffieHellman
class is a utility for creating Diffie-Hellman key
exchanges.
Instances of the DiffieHellman
class can be created using the
crypto.createDiffieHellman()
function.
const crypto = require('crypto');
const assert = require('assert');
// Generate Alice's keys...
const alice = crypto.createDiffieHellman(2048);
const alice_key = alice.generateKeys();
// Generate Bob's keys...
const bob = crypto.createDiffieHellman(alice.getPrime(), alice.getGenerator());
const bob_key = bob.generateKeys();
// Exchange and generate the secret...
const alice_secret = alice.computeSecret(bob_key);
const bob_secret = bob.computeSecret(alice_key);
// OK
assert.equal(alice_secret.toString('hex'), bob_secret.toString('hex'));
diffieHellman.computeSecret(other_public_key[, input_encoding][, output_encoding])#
Computes the shared secret using other_public_key
as the other
party's public key and returns the computed shared secret. The supplied
key is interpreted using the specified input_encoding
, and secret is
encoded using specified output_encoding
. Encodings can be
'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
. If the input_encoding
is not
provided, other_public_key
is expected to be a Buffer
.
If output_encoding
is given a string is returned; otherwise, a
Buffer
is returned.
diffieHellman.generateKeys([encoding])#
Generates private and public Diffie-Hellman key values, and returns
the public key in the specified encoding
. This key should be
transferred to the other party. Encoding can be 'binary'
, 'hex'
,
or 'base64'
. If encoding
is provided a string is returned; otherwise a
Buffer
is returned.
diffieHellman.getGenerator([encoding])#
Returns the Diffie-Hellman generator in the specified encoding
, which can
be 'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
. If encoding
is provided a string is
returned; otherwise a Buffer
is returned.
diffieHellman.getPrime([encoding])#
Returns the Diffie-Hellman prime in the specified encoding
, which can
be 'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
. If encoding
is provided a string is
returned; otherwise a Buffer
is returned.
diffieHellman.getPrivateKey([encoding])#
Returns the Diffie-Hellman private key in the specified encoding
,
which can be 'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
. If encoding
is provided a
string is returned; otherwise a Buffer
is returned.
diffieHellman.getPublicKey([encoding])#
Returns the Diffie-Hellman public key in the specified encoding
, which
can be 'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
. If encoding
is provided a
string is returned; otherwise a Buffer
is returned.
diffieHellman.setPrivateKey(private_key[, encoding])#
Sets the Diffie-Hellman private key. If the encoding
argument is provided
and is either 'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
, private_key
is expected
to be a string. If no encoding
is provided, private_key
is expected
to be a Buffer
.
diffieHellman.setPublicKey(public_key[, encoding])#
Sets the Diffie-Hellman public key. If the encoding
argument is provided
and is either 'binary'
, 'hex'
or 'base64'
, public_key
is expected
to be a string. If no encoding
is provided, public_key
is expected
to be a Buffer
.
diffieHellman.verifyError#
A bit field containing any warnings and/or errors resulting from a check
performed during initialization of the DiffieHellman
object.
The following values are valid for this property (as defined in constants
module):
DH_CHECK_P_NOT_SAFE_PRIME
DH_CHECK_P_NOT_PRIME
DH_UNABLE_TO_CHECK_GENERATOR
DH_NOT_SUITABLE_GENERATOR
Class: ECDH#
The ECDH
class is a utility for creating Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH)
key exchanges.
Instances of the ECDH
class can be created using the
crypto.createECDH()
function.
const crypto = require('crypto');
const assert = require('assert');
// Generate Alice's keys...
const alice = crypto.createECDH('secp521r1');
const alice_key = alice.generateKeys();
// Generate Bob's keys...
const bob = crypto.createECDH('secp521r1');
const bob_key = bob.generateKeys();
// Exchange and generate the secret...
const alice_secret = alice.computeSecret(bob_key);
const bob_secret = bob.computeSecret(alice_key);
assert(alice_secret, bob_secret);
// OK
ecdh.computeSecret(other_public_key[, input_encoding][, output_encoding])#
Computes the shared secret using other_public_key
as the other
party's public key and returns the computed shared secret. The supplied
key is interpreted using specified input_encoding
, and the returned secret
is encoded using the specified output_encoding
. Encodings can be
'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
. If the input_encoding
is not
provided, other_public_key
is expected to be a Buffer
.
If output_encoding
is given a string will be returned; otherwise a
Buffer
is returned.
ecdh.generateKeys([encoding[, format]])#
Generates private and public EC Diffie-Hellman key values, and returns
the public key in the specified format
and encoding
. This key should be
transferred to the other party.
The format
arguments specifies point encoding and can be 'compressed'
,
'uncompressed'
, or 'hybrid'
. If format
is not specified, the point will
be returned in 'uncompressed'
format.
The encoding
argument can be 'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
. If
encoding
is provided a string is returned; otherwise a Buffer
is returned.
ecdh.getPrivateKey([encoding])#
Returns the EC Diffie-Hellman private key in the specified encoding
,
which can be 'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
. If encoding
is provided
a string is returned; otherwise a Buffer
is returned.
ecdh.getPublicKey([encoding[, format]])#
Returns the EC Diffie-Hellman public key in the specified encoding
and
format
.
The format
argument specifies point encoding and can be 'compressed'
,
'uncompressed'
, or 'hybrid'
. If format
is not specified the point will be
returned in 'uncompressed'
format.
The encoding
argument can be 'binary'
, 'hex'
, or 'base64'
. If
encoding
is specified, a string is returned; otherwise a Buffer
is
returned.
ecdh.setPrivateKey(private_key[, encoding])#
Sets the EC Diffie-Hellman private key. The encoding
can be 'binary'
,
'hex'
or 'base64'
. If encoding
is provided, private_key
is expected
to be a string; otherwise private_key
is expected to be a Buffer
. If
private_key
is not valid for the curve specified when the ECDH
object was
created, an error is thrown. Upon setting the private key, the associated
public point (key) is also generated and set in the ECDH object.
ecdh.setPublicKey(public_key[, encoding])#
Stability: 0 - Deprecated
Sets the EC Diffie-Hellman public key. Key encoding can be 'binary'
,
'hex'
or 'base64'
. If encoding
is provided public_key
is expected to
be a string; otherwise a Buffer
is expected.
Note that there is not normally a reason to call this method because ECDH
only requires a private key and the other party's public key to compute the
shared secret. Typically either ecdh.generateKeys()
or
ecdh.setPrivateKey()
will be called. The ecdh.setPrivateKey()
method
attempts to generate the public point/key associated with the private key being
set.
Example (obtaining a shared secret):
const crypto = require('crypto');
const alice = crypto.createECDH('secp256k1');
const bob = crypto.createECDH('secp256k1');
// Note: This is a shortcut way to specify one of Alice's previous private
// keys. It would be unwise to use such a predictable private key in a real
// application.
alice.setPrivateKey(
crypto.createHash('sha256').update('alice', 'utf8').digest()
);
// Bob uses a newly generated cryptographically strong
// pseudorandom key pair bob.generateKeys();
const alice_secret = alice.computeSecret(bob.getPublicKey(), null, 'hex');
const bob_secret = bob.computeSecret(alice.getPublicKey(), null, 'hex');
// alice_secret and bob_secret should be the same shared secret value
console.log(alice_secret === bob_secret);
Class: Hash#
The Hash
class is a utility for creating hash digests of data. It can be
used in one of two ways:
- As a stream that is both readable and writable, where data is written to produce a computed hash digest on the readable side, or
- Using the
hash.update()
andhash.digest()
methods to produce the computed hash.
The crypto.createHash()
method is used to create Hash
instances. Hash
objects are not to be created directly using the new
keyword.
Example: Using Hash
objects as streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
hash.on('readable', () => {
var data = hash.read();
if (data)
console.log(data.toString('hex'));
// Prints:
// 6a2da20943931e9834fc12cfe5bb47bbd9ae43489a30726962b576f4e3993e50
});
hash.write('some data to hash');
hash.end();
Example: Using Hash
and piped streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const fs = require('fs');
const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
const input = fs.createReadStream('test.js');
input.pipe(hash).pipe(process.stdout);
Example: Using the hash.update()
and hash.digest()
methods:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
hash.update('some data to hash');
console.log(hash.digest('hex'));
// Prints:
// 6a2da20943931e9834fc12cfe5bb47bbd9ae43489a30726962b576f4e3993e50
hash.digest([encoding])#
Calculates the digest of all of the data passed to be hashed (using the
hash.update()
method). The encoding
can be 'hex'
, 'binary'
or
'base64'
. If encoding
is provided a string will be returned; otherwise
a Buffer
is returned.
The Hash
object can not be used again after hash.digest()
method has been
called. Multiple calls will cause an error to be thrown.
hash.update(data[, input_encoding])#
Updates the hash content with the given data
, the encoding of which
is given in input_encoding
and can be 'utf8'
, 'ascii'
or
'binary'
. If encoding
is not provided, and the data
is a string, an
encoding of 'binary'
is enforced. If data
is a Buffer
then
input_encoding
is ignored.
This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.
Class: Hmac#
The Hmac
Class is a utility for creating cryptographic HMAC digests. It can
be used in one of two ways:
- As a stream that is both readable and writable, where data is written to produce a computed HMAC digest on the readable side, or
- Using the
hmac.update()
andhmac.digest()
methods to produce the computed HMAC digest.
The crypto.createHmac()
method is used to create Hmac
instances. Hmac
objects are not to be created directly using the new
keyword.
Example: Using Hmac
objects as streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha256', 'a secret');
hmac.on('readable', () => {
var data = hmac.read();
if (data)
console.log(data.toString('hex'));
// Prints:
// 7fd04df92f636fd450bc841c9418e5825c17f33ad9c87c518115a45971f7f77e
});
hmac.write('some data to hash');
hmac.end();
Example: Using Hmac
and piped streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const fs = require('fs');
const hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha256', 'a secret');
const input = fs.createReadStream('test.js');
input.pipe(hmac).pipe(process.stdout);
Example: Using the hmac.update()
and hmac.digest()
methods:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha256', 'a secret');
hmac.update('some data to hash');
console.log(hmac.digest('hex'));
// Prints:
// 7fd04df92f636fd450bc841c9418e5825c17f33ad9c87c518115a45971f7f77e
hmac.digest([encoding])#
Calculates the HMAC digest of all of the data passed using hmac.update()
.
The encoding
can be 'hex'
, 'binary'
or 'base64'
. If encoding
is
provided a string is returned; otherwise a Buffer
is returned;
The Hmac
object can not be used again after hmac.digest()
has been
called. Multiple calls to hmac.digest()
will result in an error being thrown.
hmac.update(data[, input_encoding])#
Updates the Hmac
content with the given data
, the encoding of which
is given in input_encoding
and can be 'utf8'
, 'ascii'
or
'binary'
. If encoding
is not provided, and the data
is a string, an
encoding of 'utf8'
is enforced. If data
is a Buffer
then
input_encoding
is ignored.
This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.
Class: Sign#
The Sign
Class is a utility for generating signatures. It can be used in one
of two ways:
- As a writable stream, where data to be signed is written and the
sign.sign()
method is used to generate and return the signature, or - Using the
sign.update()
andsign.sign()
methods to produce the signature.
The crypto.createSign()
method is used to create Sign
instances. Sign
objects are not to be created directly using the new
keyword.
Example: Using Sign
objects as streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const sign = crypto.createSign('RSA-SHA256');
sign.write('some data to sign');
sign.end();
const private_key = getPrivateKeySomehow();
console.log(sign.sign(private_key, 'hex'));
// Prints the calculated signature
Example: Using the sign.update()
and sign.sign()
methods:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const sign = crypto.createSign('RSA-SHA256');
sign.update('some data to sign');
const private_key = getPrivateKeySomehow();
console.log(sign.sign(private_key, 'hex'));
// Prints the calculated signature
A Sign
instance can also be created by just passing in the digest
algorithm name, in which case OpenSSL will infer the full signature algorithm
from the type of the PEM-formatted private key, including algorithms that
do not have directly exposed name constants, e.g. 'ecdsa-with-SHA256'.
Example: signing using ECDSA with SHA256
const crypto = require('crypto');
const sign = crypto.createSign('sha256');
sign.update('some data to sign');
const private_key = '-----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----\n' +
'MHcCAQEEIF+jnWY1D5kbVYDNvxxo/Y+ku2uJPDwS0r/VuPZQrjjVoAoGCCqGSM49\n' +
'AwEHoUQDQgAEurOxfSxmqIRYzJVagdZfMMSjRNNhB8i3mXyIMq704m2m52FdfKZ2\n' +
'pQhByd5eyj3lgZ7m7jbchtdgyOF8Io/1ng==\n' +
'-----END EC PRIVATE KEY-----\n';
console.log(sign.sign(private_key).toString('hex'));
sign.sign(private_key[, output_format])#
Calculates the signature on all the data passed through using either
sign.update()
or sign.write()
.
The private_key
argument can be an object or a string. If private_key
is a
string, it is treated as a raw key with no passphrase. If private_key
is an
object, it is interpreted as a hash containing two properties:
The output_format
can specify one of 'binary'
, 'hex'
or 'base64'
. If
output_format
is provided a string is returned; otherwise a Buffer
is
returned.
The Sign
object can not be again used after sign.sign()
method has been
called. Multiple calls to sign.sign()
will result in an error being thrown.
sign.update(data[, input_encoding])#
Updates the Sign
content with the given data
, the encoding of which
is given in input_encoding
and can be 'utf8'
, 'ascii'
or
'binary'
. If encoding
is not provided, and the data
is a string, an
encoding of 'utf8'
is enforced. If data
is a Buffer
then
input_encoding
is ignored.
This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.
Class: Verify#
The Verify
class is a utility for verifying signatures. It can be used in one
of two ways:
- As a writable stream where written data is used to validate against the supplied signature, or
- Using the
verify.update()
andverify.verify()
methods to verify the signature.
The [crypto.createVerify()
][] method is used to create Verify
instances.
Verify
objects are not to be created directly using the new
keyword.
Example: Using Verify
objects as streams:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const verify = crypto.createVerify('RSA-SHA256');
verify.write('some data to sign');
verify.end();
const public_key = getPublicKeySomehow();
const signature = getSignatureToVerify();
console.log(verify.verify(public_key, signature));
// Prints true or false
Example: Using the verify.update()
and verify.verify()
methods:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const verify = crypto.createVerify('RSA-SHA256');
verify.update('some data to sign');
const public_key = getPublicKeySomehow();
const signature = getSignatureToVerify();
console.log(verify.verify(public_key, signature));
// Prints true or false
verifier.update(data[, input_encoding])#
Updates the Verify
content with the given data
, the encoding of which
is given in input_encoding
and can be 'utf8'
, 'ascii'
or
'binary'
. If encoding
is not provided, and the data
is a string, an
encoding of 'utf8'
is enforced. If data
is a Buffer
then
input_encoding
is ignored.
This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.
verifier.verify(object, signature[, signature_format])#
Verifies the provided data using the given object
and signature
.
The object
argument is a string containing a PEM encoded object, which can be
one an RSA public key, a DSA public key, or an X.509 certificate.
The signature
argument is the previously calculated signature for the data, in
the signature_format
which can be 'binary'
, 'hex'
or 'base64'
.
If a signature_format
is specified, the signature
is expected to be a
string; otherwise signature
is expected to be a Buffer
.
Returns true
or false
depending on the validity of the signature for
the data and public key.
The verifier
object can not be used again after verify.verify()
has been
called. Multiple calls to verify.verify()
will result in an error being
thrown.
crypto
module methods and properties#
crypto.DEFAULT_ENCODING#
The default encoding to use for functions that can take either strings
or buffers. The default value is 'buffer'
, which makes methods
default to Buffer
objects.
The crypto.DEFAULT_ENCODING
mechanism is provided for backwards compatibility
with legacy programs that expect 'binary'
to be the default encoding.
New applications should expect the default to be 'buffer'
. This property may
become deprecated in a future Node.js release.
crypto.createCipher(algorithm, password)#
Creates and returns a Cipher
object that uses the given algorithm
and
password
.
The algorithm
is dependent on OpenSSL, examples are 'aes192'
, etc. On
recent OpenSSL releases, openssl list-cipher-algorithms
will display the
available cipher algorithms.
The password
is used to derive the cipher key and initialization vector (IV).
The value must be either a 'binary'
encoded string or a Buffer
.
The implementation of crypto.createCipher()
derives keys using the OpenSSL
function EVP_BytesToKey
with the digest algorithm set to MD5, one
iteration, and no salt. The lack of salt allows dictionary attacks as the same
password always creates the same key. The low iteration count and
non-cryptographically secure hash algorithm allow passwords to be tested very
rapidly.
In line with OpenSSL's recommendation to use pbkdf2 instead of
EVP_BytesToKey
it is recommended that developers derive a key and IV on
their own using crypto.pbkdf2()
and to use crypto.createCipheriv()
to create the Cipher
object.
crypto.createCipheriv(algorithm, key, iv)#
Creates and returns a Cipher
object, with the given algorithm
, key
and
initialization vector (iv
).
The algorithm
is dependent on OpenSSL, examples are 'aes192'
, etc. On
recent OpenSSL releases, openssl list-cipher-algorithms
will display the
available cipher algorithms.
The key
is the raw key used by the algorithm
and iv
is an
initialization vector. Both arguments must be 'binary'
encoded strings or
buffers.
crypto.createCredentials(details)#
Stability: 0 - Deprecated: Use tls.createSecureContext()
instead.
The crypto.createCredentials()
method is a deprecated alias for creating
and returning a tls.SecureContext
object. The crypto.createCredentials()
method should not be used.
The optional details
argument is a hash object with keys:
pfx
: <String> | <Buffer> - PFX or PKCS12 encoded private key, certificate and CA certificateskey
: <String> - PEM encoded private keypassphrase
: <String> - passphrase for the private key or PFXcert
: <String> - PEM encoded certificateca
: <String> | <Array> - Either a string or array of strings of PEM encoded CA certificates to trust.crl
: <String> | <Array> - Either a string or array of strings of PEM encoded CRLs (Certificate Revocation List)ciphers
: <String> using the OpenSSL cipher list format describing the cipher algorithms to use or exclude.
If no 'ca' details are given, Node.js will use Mozilla's default publicly trusted list of CAs.
crypto.createDecipher(algorithm, password)#
Creates and returns a Decipher
object that uses the given algorithm
and
password
(key).
The implementation of crypto.createDecipher()
derives keys using the OpenSSL
function EVP_BytesToKey
with the digest algorithm set to MD5, one
iteration, and no salt. The lack of salt allows dictionary attacks as the same
password always creates the same key. The low iteration count and
non-cryptographically secure hash algorithm allow passwords to be tested very
rapidly.
In line with OpenSSL's recommendation to use pbkdf2 instead of
EVP_BytesToKey
it is recommended that developers derive a key and IV on
their own using crypto.pbkdf2()
and to use crypto.createDecipheriv()
to create the Decipher
object.
crypto.createDecipheriv(algorithm, key, iv)#
Creates and returns a Decipher
object that uses the given algorithm
, key
and initialization vector (iv
).
The algorithm
is dependent on OpenSSL, examples are 'aes192'
, etc. On
recent OpenSSL releases, openssl list-cipher-algorithms
will display the
available cipher algorithms.
The key
is the raw key used by the algorithm
and iv
is an
initialization vector. Both arguments must be 'binary'
encoded strings or
buffers.
crypto.createDiffieHellman(prime[, prime_encoding][, generator][, generator_encoding])#
Creates a DiffieHellman
key exchange object using the supplied prime
and an
optional specific generator
.
The generator
argument can be a number, string, or Buffer
. If
generator
is not specified, the value 2
is used.
The prime_encoding
and generator_encoding
arguments can be 'binary'
,
'hex'
, or 'base64'
.
If prime_encoding
is specified, prime
is expected to be a string; otherwise
a Buffer
is expected.
If generator_encoding
is specified, generator
is expected to be a string;
otherwise either a number or Buffer
is expected.
crypto.createDiffieHellman(prime_length[, generator])#
Creates a DiffieHellman
key exchange object and generates a prime of
prime_length
bits using an optional specific numeric generator
.
If generator
is not specified, the value 2
is used.
crypto.createECDH(curve_name)#
Creates an Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH
) key exchange object using a
predefined curve specified by the curve_name
string. Use
crypto.getCurves()
to obtain a list of available curve names. On recent
OpenSSL releases, openssl ecparam -list_curves
will also display the name
and description of each available elliptic curve.
crypto.createHash(algorithm)#
Creates and returns a Hash
object that can be used to generate hash digests
using the given algorithm
.
The algorithm
is dependent on the available algorithms supported by the
version of OpenSSL on the platform. Examples are 'sha256'
, 'sha512'
, etc.
On recent releases of OpenSSL, openssl list-message-digest-algorithms
will
display the available digest algorithms.
Example: generating the sha256 sum of a file
const filename = process.argv[2];
const crypto = require('crypto');
const fs = require('fs');
const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
const input = fs.createReadStream(filename);
input.on('readable', () => {
var data = input.read();
if (data)
hash.update(data);
else {
console.log(`${hash.digest('hex')} ${filename}`);
}
});
crypto.createHmac(algorithm, key)#
Creates and returns an Hmac
object that uses the given algorithm
and key
.
The algorithm
is dependent on the available algorithms supported by the
version of OpenSSL on the platform. Examples are 'sha256'
, 'sha512'
, etc.
On recent releases of OpenSSL, openssl list-message-digest-algorithms
will
display the available digest algorithms.
The key
is the HMAC key used to generate the cryptographic HMAC hash.
Example: generating the sha256 HMAC of a file
const filename = process.argv[2];
const crypto = require('crypto');
const fs = require('fs');
const hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha256', 'a secret');
const input = fs.createReadStream(filename);
input.on('readable', () => {
var data = input.read();
if (data)
hmac.update(data);
else {
console.log(`${hmac.digest('hex')} ${filename}`);
}
});
crypto.createSign(algorithm)#
Creates and returns a Sign
object that uses the given algorithm
.
Use crypto.getHashes()
to obtain an array of names of the available
signing algorithms.
crypto.createVerify(algorithm)#
Creates and returns a Verify
object that uses the given algorithm.
Use crypto.getHashes()
to obtain an array of names of the available
signing algorithms.
crypto.getCiphers()#
Returns an array with the names of the supported cipher algorithms.
Example:
const ciphers = crypto.getCiphers();
console.log(ciphers); // ['aes-128-cbc', 'aes-128-ccm', ...]
crypto.getCurves()#
Returns an array with the names of the supported elliptic curves.
Example:
const curves = crypto.getCurves();
console.log(curves); // ['secp256k1', 'secp384r1', ...]
crypto.getDiffieHellman(group_name)#
Creates a predefined DiffieHellman
key exchange object. The
supported groups are: 'modp1'
, 'modp2'
, 'modp5'
(defined in
RFC 2412, but see Caveats) and 'modp14'
, 'modp15'
,
'modp16'
, 'modp17'
, 'modp18'
(defined in RFC 3526). The
returned object mimics the interface of objects created by
crypto.createDiffieHellman()
, but will not allow changing
the keys (with diffieHellman.setPublicKey()
for example). The
advantage of using this method is that the parties do not have to
generate nor exchange a group modulus beforehand, saving both processor
and communication time.
Example (obtaining a shared secret):
const crypto = require('crypto');
const alice = crypto.getDiffieHellman('modp14');
const bob = crypto.getDiffieHellman('modp14');
alice.generateKeys();
bob.generateKeys();
const alice_secret = alice.computeSecret(bob.getPublicKey(), null, 'hex');
const bob_secret = bob.computeSecret(alice.getPublicKey(), null, 'hex');
/* alice_secret and bob_secret should be the same */
console.log(alice_secret == bob_secret);
crypto.getHashes()#
Returns an array of the names of the supported hash algorithms,
such as RSA-SHA256
.
Example:
const hashes = crypto.getHashes();
console.log(hashes); // ['sha', 'sha1', 'sha1WithRSAEncryption', ...]
crypto.pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations, keylen[, digest], callback)#
Provides an asynchronous Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2)
implementation. A selected HMAC digest algorithm specified by digest
is
applied to derive a key of the requested byte length (keylen
) from the
password
, salt
and iterations
. If the digest
algorithm is not specified,
a default of 'sha1'
is used.
The supplied callback
function is called with two arguments: err
and
derivedKey
. If an error occurs, err
will be set; otherwise err
will be
null. The successfully generated derivedKey
will be passed as a Buffer
.
The iterations
argument must be a number set as high as possible. The
higher the number of iterations, the more secure the derived key will be,
but will take a longer amount of time to complete.
The salt
should also be as unique as possible. It is recommended that the
salts are random and their lengths are greater than 16 bytes. See
NIST SP 800-132 for details.
Example:
const crypto = require('crypto');
crypto.pbkdf2('secret', 'salt', 100000, 512, 'sha512', (err, key) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(key.toString('hex')); // 'c5e478d...1469e50'
});
An array of supported digest functions can be retrieved using
crypto.getHashes()
.
crypto.pbkdf2Sync(password, salt, iterations, keylen[, digest])#
Provides a synchronous Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2)
implementation. A selected HMAC digest algorithm specified by digest
is
applied to derive a key of the requested byte length (keylen
) from the
password
, salt
and iterations
. If the digest
algorithm is not specified,
a default of 'sha1'
is used.
If an error occurs an Error will be thrown, otherwise the derived key will be
returned as a Buffer
.
The iterations
argument must be a number set as high as possible. The
higher the number of iterations, the more secure the derived key will be,
but will take a longer amount of time to complete.
The salt
should also be as unique as possible. It is recommended that the
salts are random and their lengths are greater than 16 bytes. See
NIST SP 800-132 for details.
Example:
const crypto = require('crypto');
const key = crypto.pbkdf2Sync('secret', 'salt', 100000, 512, 'sha512');
console.log(key.toString('hex')); // 'c5e478d...1469e50'
An array of supported digest functions can be retrieved using
crypto.getHashes()
.
crypto.privateDecrypt(private_key, buffer)#
Decrypts buffer
with private_key
.
private_key
can be an object or a string. If private_key
is a string, it is
treated as the key with no passphrase and will use RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING
.
If private_key
is an object, it is interpreted as a hash object with the
keys:
key
: <String> - PEM encoded private keypassphrase
: <String> - Optional passphrase for the private keypadding
: An optional padding value, one of the following:constants.RSA_NO_PADDING
constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING
constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING
All paddings are defined in the constants
module.
crypto.privateEncrypt(private_key, buffer)#
Encrypts buffer
with private_key
.
private_key
can be an object or a string. If private_key
is a string, it is
treated as the key with no passphrase and will use RSA_PKCS1_PADDING
.
If private_key
is an object, it is interpreted as a hash object with the
keys:
key
: <String> - PEM encoded private keypassphrase
: <String> - Optional passphrase for the private keypadding
: An optional padding value, one of the following:constants.RSA_NO_PADDING
constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING
All paddings are defined in the constants
module.
crypto.publicDecrypt(public_key, buffer)#
Decrypts buffer
with public_key
.
public_key
can be an object or a string. If public_key
is a string, it is
treated as the key with no passphrase and will use RSA_PKCS1_PADDING
.
If public_key
is an object, it is interpreted as a hash object with the
keys:
key
: <String> - PEM encoded public keypassphrase
: <String> - Optional passphrase for the private keypadding
: An optional padding value, one of the following:constants.RSA_NO_PADDING
constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING
constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING
Because RSA public keys can be derived from private keys, a private key may be passed instead of a public key.
All paddings are defined in the constants
module.
crypto.publicEncrypt(public_key, buffer)#
Encrypts buffer
with public_key
.
public_key
can be an object or a string. If public_key
is a string, it is
treated as the key with no passphrase and will use RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING
.
If public_key
is an object, it is interpreted as a hash object with the
keys:
key
: <String> - PEM encoded public keypassphrase
: <String> - Optional passphrase for the private keypadding
: An optional padding value, one of the following:constants.RSA_NO_PADDING
constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING
constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING
Because RSA public keys can be derived from private keys, a private key may be passed instead of a public key.
All paddings are defined in the constants
module.
crypto.randomBytes(size[, callback])#
Generates cryptographically strong pseudo-random data. The size
argument
is a number indicating the number of bytes to generate.
If a callback
function is provided, the bytes are generated asynchronously
and the callback
function is invoked with two arguments: err
and buf
.
If an error occurs, err
will be an Error object; otherwise it is null. The
buf
argument is a Buffer
containing the generated bytes.
// Asynchronous
const crypto = require('crypto');
crypto.randomBytes(256, (err, buf) => {
if (err) throw err;
console.log(`${buf.length} bytes of random data: ${buf.toString('hex')}`);
});
If the callback
function is not provided, the random bytes are generated
synchronously and returned as a Buffer
. An error will be thrown if
there is a problem generating the bytes.
// Synchronous
const buf = crypto.randomBytes(256);
console.log(
`${buf.length} bytes of random data: ${buf.toString('hex')}`);
The crypto.randomBytes()
method will block until there is sufficient entropy.
This should normally never take longer than a few milliseconds. The only time
when generating the random bytes may conceivably block for a longer period of
time is right after boot, when the whole system is still low on entropy.
crypto.setEngine(engine[, flags])#
Load and set the engine
for some or all OpenSSL functions (selected by flags).
engine
could be either an id or a path to the engine's shared library.
The optional flags
argument uses ENGINE_METHOD_ALL
by default. The flags
is a bit field taking one of or a mix of the following flags (defined in the
constants
module):
ENGINE_METHOD_RSA
ENGINE_METHOD_DSA
ENGINE_METHOD_DH
ENGINE_METHOD_RAND
ENGINE_METHOD_ECDH
ENGINE_METHOD_ECDSA
ENGINE_METHOD_CIPHERS
ENGINE_METHOD_DIGESTS
ENGINE_METHOD_STORE
ENGINE_METHOD_PKEY_METH
ENGINE_METHOD_PKEY_ASN1_METH
ENGINE_METHOD_ALL
ENGINE_METHOD_NONE
Notes#
Legacy Streams API (pre Node.js v0.10)#
The Crypto module was added to Node.js before there was the concept of a
unified Stream API, and before there were Buffer
objects for handling
binary data. As such, the many of the crypto
defined classes have methods not
typically found on other Node.js classes that implement the streams
API (e.g. update()
, final()
, or digest()
). Also, many methods accepted
and returned 'binary'
encoded strings by default rather than Buffers. This
default was changed after Node.js v0.8 to use Buffer
objects by default
instead.
Recent ECDH Changes#
Usage of ECDH
with non-dynamically generated key pairs has been simplified.
Now, ecdh.setPrivateKey()
can be called with a preselected private key
and the associated public point (key) will be computed and stored in the object.
This allows code to only store and provide the private part of the EC key pair.
ecdh.setPrivateKey()
now also validates that the private key is valid for
the selected curve.
The ecdh.setPublicKey()
method is now deprecated as its inclusion in the
API is not useful. Either a previously stored private key should be set, which
automatically generates the associated public key, or ecdh.generateKeys()
should be called. The main drawback of using ecdh.setPublicKey()
is that
it can be used to put the ECDH key pair into an inconsistent state.
Support for weak or compromised algorithms#
The crypto
module still supports some algorithms which are already
compromised and are not currently recommended for use. The API also allows
the use of ciphers and hashes with a small key size that are considered to be
too weak for safe use.
Users should take full responsibility for selecting the crypto algorithm and key size according to their security requirements.
Based on the recommendations of NIST SP 800-131A:
- MD5 and SHA-1 are no longer acceptable where collision resistance is required such as digital signatures.
- The key used with RSA, DSA and DH algorithms is recommended to have at least 2048 bits and that of the curve of ECDSA and ECDH at least 224 bits, to be safe to use for several years.
- The DH groups of
modp1
,modp2
andmodp5
have a key size smaller than 2048 bits and are not recommended.
See the reference for other recommendations and details.