async_hooks: add HandleScopes to C++ embedder/addon API

Add `HandleScope`s to the public C++ API for embedders/addons,
since these methods create V8 handles that should not leak into
the outer scopes.

In particular, for some of the methods it was not clear from
the function signatures that these functions previously
needed to be invoked with a `HandleScope`.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/24285


Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Michael Dawson <michael_dawson@ca.ibm.com>