src: cache the result of GetOptions() in JS land

Instead of calling into C++ each time we need to check the value
of a command line option, cache the option map in a new
`internal/options` module for faster access to the values in JS land.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/24091


Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Refael Ackermann <refack@gmail.com>