src: prepare platform for upstream V8 changes

V8 platform tasks may schedule other tasks (both background and
foreground), and may perform asynchronous operations like
resolving Promises.

To address that:

- Run the task queue drain call inside a callback scope.
  This makes sure asynchronous operations inside it, like
  resolving promises, lead to the microtask queue and any
  subsequent operations not being silently forgotten.
- Move the task queue drain call before `EmitBeforeExit()`
  and only run `EmitBeforeExit()` if there is no new event
  loop work.
- Account for possible new foreground tasks scheduled by
  background tasks in `DrainBackgroundTasks()`.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/15428


Reviewed-By: Franziska Hinkelmann <franziska.hinkelmann@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ben Noordhuis <info@bnoordhuis.nl>
Reviewed-By: Matthew Loring <mattloring@google.com>