test: verify that WASI errors are rethrown

This commit adds a test to verify that exceptions thrown from a
WASI application are properly caught and rethrown. This also
gets the code coverage in lib/wasi.js back to 100%.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/32157


Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>