lib: extract validateString validator

Pulls out a common argument validator to `internal/validators`

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/22101


Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Trivikram Kamat <trivikr.dev@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Anatoli Papirovski <apapirovski@mac.com>
Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>