async_wrap: update providers and add test

Several provider ids have been removed that are no longer in use. Others
have been updated to match their class constructors.

Add test to ensure all internally listed providers are used.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/3139


Reviewed-By: Fedor Indutny <fedor.indutny@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ben Noordhuis <info@bnoordhuis.nl>
Reviewed-by: Stephen Belanger <admin@stephenbelanger.com>