src: add missing context scopes

Add scopes that ensure that the context associated with the
current Environment is always entered when working with it.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/36413


Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Benjamin Gruenbaum <benjamingr@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Gireesh Punathil <gpunathi@in.ibm.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>