src: port bootstrap/cache.js to C++

This allows us to query the categories of modules in C++
so we can implement the code cache generator in C++ that
does not depend on a Node.js binary.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/27046
Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/21563


Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Benjamin Gruenbaum <benjamingr@gmail.com>