src: print exceptions from PromiseRejectCallback

Previously, leaving the exception lying around would leave the JS
engine in an invalid state, as it was not expecting exceptions to
be thrown from the C++ `PromiseRejectCallback`, and lead to hard
crashes under some conditions (e.g. with coverage enabled).

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/29513


Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>
Reviewed-By: Benjamin Gruenbaum <benjamingr@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>