src: improve SSL version extraction logic

The openssl version as defined in ssl libraries is complex.
The current logic to extract the major.minor.patch format
uses C semantics to loop through the text and search for
specific patterns. Use C++ string to tidy it up.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/23050


Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Tobias Nießen <tniessen@tnie.de>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Richard Lau <riclau@uk.ibm.com>
Reviewed-By: Refael Ackermann <refack@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Sakthipriyan Vairamani <thechargingvolcano@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Michael Dawson <michael_dawson@ca.ibm.com>