fs: throw fs.mkdtempSync errors in JS land

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/18871
Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/18106


Reviewed-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>