tls: throw if protocol too long

The convertProtocols() function now throws a range error when the byte
length of a protocol is too long to fit in a Buffer.

Also added a test case in test/parallel/test-tls-basic-validations.js
to cover this.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/23606


Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Matteo Collina <matteo.collina@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Sakthipriyan Vairamani <thechargingvolcano@gmail.com>