build: add GitHub actions to run linters

Add jobs to our GitHub Actions workflow to run our
various lint Makefile targets. The `setup-node` action
used to run the JavaScript linter contains problem
matchers for eslint that will annotate the files in a pull
request if there are failures.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/31323


Reviewed-By: Ruben Bridgewater <ruben@bridgewater.de>
Reviewed-By: Anna Henningsen <anna@addaleax.net>
Reviewed-By: Jiawen Geng <technicalcute@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Rich Trott <rtrott@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>